Revolutions of 1848 - France

1. Revolutions of 1848 - France • 1846 – Economic Problems lead to hardships • Lower-middle class, workers, peasants • Middle class wanted right to vote • Gov’t refused to make changes • 1848 – monarchy overthrown • Provisional government created • Constitutional Assembly • Elected by Universal Male Suffrage

2. Nov. 4, 1848 – Second Republic created • Single legislature elected by all males • December 1848 – Elect Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte president • Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte

3. Italian Unification • Italy ruled by many groups • Austria • Venetia and Lombardy • Spanish Bourbons • Kingdom of Two Sicilies • Italians don’t want to live under separate rulers • 1815 – 1848 – move toward unification

4. 1848 – nationalists look to Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership • Largest and most powerful Italian state • Liberal constitution • 1849 – King Victor Emmanuel II

5. 1852 – Camillodi Cavour appointed prime minister • Expanded economy to increase gov’t revenues • Created army • Not large enough to defeat Austrians • Cavour allies w/France • 1858 – Louis-Napoleon • Combined army takes over northern Italy, except Venetia

6. Southern Italy • Cavour Secretly helped rebels in southern Italy • Giuseppe Garibaldi leads Red Shirts • Capture Sicily • Conquers Southern Italy • Given permission by people to unite North and South • March 17, 1861 – Italy finally unified • Garibaldi turns over control to King Victor Emmanuel III

7. 1866 – Venetia becomes part of Italy • 1870 – Italians take Papal States • Ruled by pope • Rome becomes capital of Italy

8. Bismarck Unites Germany • 1839 – German Confederation • 39 German states formed into a loose grouping • Dominated by largest states • Austria-Hungary • Prussia has advantages • Mainly German population • Powerful army • industrialized

10. Prussia Leads German Unification • Authoritarian gov’t • King had control over gov’t and military • 1861 – Wilhelm I succeeds throne • Reforms army and doubles military • Liberal parliament refuses to give money • Seen as challenge to authority • Supported by Junkers – conservative wealthy landowners

11. Wilhelm I appoints Otto von Bismarck prime minister • Realpolitik • “Politics of reality” • Power politics w/no room for idealism • Based on practical matters not theory • Ruled w/out consent of parliament and budget • Ruled by “Blood and Iron”

12. Prussia Expands • 1864- forms alliance w/Austria • War w/Denmark to win Schleswig and Holstein

13. Seven Weeks’ War • Causes conflict w/Austria over Schleswig and Holstein • Austria declares war in 1866 • 7 Weeks’ War • Prussian victory • Austrians lose Venetia to Italy • Prussia controls northern Germany • Joins eastern and western parts of Prussia • 1867 – North German Confederation dominated by Prussia

14. Franco-Prussian War • war with France • Bismarck claims French insulted Wilhelm I • French declare war on July 19, 1870 • Southern Germany joins Prussia • Nationalism joins territories • January, 28, 1871 – French surrender • Pay 5 billion francs • Give up Alsace and Lorraine

15. Wilhelm I crowned kaiser (emperor) at Versailles • Second Reich • Dominance through “blood and iron” • War and military strength

17. A Shift in Power • Following Congress of Vienna 5 Great Powers • Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia • By 1871 – 2 great powers • Britain and Germany • Most powerful militarily and economically • Austria and Russia • Lag far behind • France in the middle • Balance of Power had shifted • Sets up possibility of future conflict