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Network and Telecommunications. 7. Lan Software. Lan Software. Application Software client apps vs. server apps (email or web server, database server) light vs. heavy network traffic user interfaces – command line, menu-driven, GUI
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Network and Telecommunications 7. Lan Software
Lan Software • Application Software • client apps vs. server apps (email or web server, database server) • light vs. heavy network traffic • user interfaces – command line, menu-driven, GUI • user (client) applications - word processing, spread sheets, compilers, email, web browsers, telnet/ssh, etc.. • server applications - backup software, license metering, ups monitoring, administrative tools (add users, monitor systems), network analysis tools • NOS (network operating system)
NOS • peer-to-peer or client-server NOS • commercial NOS (Novell Netware, banyan vines, etc..) vs. • bundled NOS/OS (unix, MacOS, windows NT/2000/2003) • provides file sharing, print and other services (email, web, modem) • underlying protocols • tcp/ip (unix, nt/2000/2003, internet) • ipx/spx (novell), appletalk (macs) -past
Mapping • Mapping - key concept in networking. client/server. • transparent to user (behind the scenes, in boot up scripts) • PC - use drive letters to map from client to servers hard drive • (h: drive for example). Virtual drive letters. • Windows - "net use" command. • Novell - "map" command.
Mapping II • Unix/Mac - no drive letters. • Mac uses the "chooser" network application to do mapping, and results appear as an icon on desktop (instead of drive letters). • Unix systems use "mount" command and empty directories (mount points) to perform mappings.
Mixed Lans • Past: Lans had one type of Hardware and one type of OS (like PC/Windows only) • Today: Clients mixed, servers can be mixed. Mixed hardware (mac, unix, pc) and mixed O.S. (unix/linux, windows 2000, nt, 98, XP, 2003, Mac OS, etc..). • Interopperability/Interconnectivity
NOS from the Past • IBM/Microsoft Lanmanager • Banyan Vines • And many others
Basic Info • Novell Netware- 3.0, 4.0, 5.0.... • used to be #1 product in pc market • Started in 1983, commercial product • ipx/spx – original proprietary protocol • Todays uses tcp/ip • client/server • clients - dos, windows 3.1, windows 95/98/2000/NT/XP/2003, Mac, unix, etc... • Uses “map” command to connect virtual drives
Basic Features • NT - built-in, OS and NOS bundled, file and print sharing • New Technology (NT) (includes windows server 2000 and 2003), XP • client/server primarily (peer-peer possible) • clients - dos, windows 3.1, windows 95/98/2000, XP, nt clients, Mac, unix, etc...
Back to Basics… • GUI-interface (like '95/98/2000) and commands (Dos Command Window) • 2 versions: workstation (for client) and server • map drive letters (virtual drives)
Protocols • tcp/ip (internet, unix connectivity, wan) • netbeui (compat. with lan manager) • ipx/spx (novell netware connectivity) • appletalk (mac connectivity) • Tcp/ip is primarily used
More Windows Info • Installation manuals, disks, cdrom...gui based (follow instructions) • both NOS on server and client, most on server • addressing - ethernet address and tcp/ip addressing
And more… • File System: -FAT (like dos) -8.3 characters per filename, little security -NTFS (NT file system, more secure, faster, better) -255 characters per filename - many file/directory attributes/permissions, ACL (access control lists), ownership
Windows Security • Security account names and passwords login/logout file/directory permissions and attributes
Windows Features • Fault Tolerant Features (built-in) • disk mirroring/disk duplexing, raid, ups monitoring
NT Networking • Domain • collection of clients and servers in a given lan share same account info (user names, passwords, etc..) • PDC (primary domain controller) and BDC (backup domain controller) • copy "directory" to each other (replicated) • Active Directory – windows 2000/2003
Windows Mapping • File Sharing and Mapping: Server: control panel - icons to setup network, file sharing, services "My Computer" --> click on any file/directory ----> File pull down menu --> select "sharing“ (or right click on folder and pick “sharing”)
Client: • connect to server (mapping) via: a. Map Network Drive (Explorer Tool) uses virtual drive letter (right click on My Computer) b. command line (Command Prompt window) net use (see current mappings/virtual drives) net use K: \\server\directory
Unix Networking • portable, scalable, modular, written in C (like NT) • X windows (gui interface) or command line • multiuser, multiprocessing, multithreaded, multi-tasking • internet heavily based upon tcp/ip and unix servers (web, email, DNS)
ex. clam - time sharing for users (multiuser aspect) file server and print server to suns in 133 file server for macs dns, web and email services 2 cpus (multiprocessing)
Network Aspects • NFS - Network File System (NOS) • tcp/ip - protocol for networking • client/server based, NOS built in with OS
No Drive Letters • "mount" command - mapping (map to empty directories) • attach to tree structure file system • ex. client: server:
client: mkdir /mountpoint mount server:/usr/local/apps /mountpoint (or put into a file: /etc/vfstab) • Server: use "share" command or put in /etc/dfs/dfstab
Note: • all mount (mapping) commands are transparent to the user • User never executes them, they are in start up files on the system which execute automatically on boot up • The system and network administrator needs to know these details • no use of virtual drives/drive letters
other network commands ping traceroute host netstat -i ifconfig Others network files /etc/hosts /etc/ethers /etc/services Unix Commands and Files
Netstat • netstat gather network statistics/information, like number of input packets, number of output packets, collisions • % collision rate = # collisions / # output packets x 100 collisions rate < 5% is good
EXAMPLE! carp% netstat -i Name Mtu Net/Dest Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis le0 1500 carp 18979356 811 12094590 160 456284 thus %collision rate = 456284/12094590 x 100 = 3.7 %
ifconfig • ifconfig - gather or configure network card/connection information • Similar to ipconfig in windows • Example: • crab% ifconfig hme0 hme0: flag=<up,broadcast,running,ipv4) mtu 1500 inet 165.230.111.194 netmask ffffffe0 broadcast 165.230.111.223
Summary • 1. NOS General Info: • How is mapping performed (connecting client to server)? • pc based nos - virtual drives (k: g:) • macs - icons on desktop • unix - empty directories attached in tree structure (mount point)
Basic mapping commands ? • Windows - net use • (net use K: \\server\name\directory) (or use gui tool) • mac - use chooser (gui application) • unix - use mount command (mount servername:/directoryname /mountpoint )
More Summary Notes • all mappings done behind the scenes, transparent to the user. Often done in boot up scripts • on the server side, there are similar methods to "share" directories/files. • A server doesnt share everything to the client, only selected directories/files. • For example, on unix, you have a "share" command. On Windows and Macs, you can highlight a folder (directory) or a file, and the pick "share" from the file pull-down menu.
Summary Continued • 2. LAN Software: • 1. NOS (Windows, novell, unix/nfs, macs/appleshare..etc..) • 2. application software
Application Software • Client Software • Email (eudora, outlook, webmail), web browser (IE, Netscape, Mozilla), word processor (Word), spss, spreadsheets, etc… • located on server • Typically the software is downloaded from the server to the client and runs on the client (exceptions: imaging and thin clients)
Server Software • Runs on Server Only • Web Server Software (IIS or Apache), Email Servers Software (Sendmail, Postfix, Exchange) • Database backend software (oracle) • Other tools: UPS monitoring software, backups, license management