Unit 26 Animal Anatomy, Physiology, and Nutrition

1. Unit 26Animal Anatomy, Physiology, and Nutrition Determine the nutritional requirements of animals and learn how to satisfy those requirements.

2. Animal Nutrition • Animal nutrition as important as human nutrition • Focus on: • Feed efficiency • Rate of gain • Days to market weight

3. Animal Nutrition • Definition of terms • Ration: Amount and content of food eaten by an animal in 1 day • Balanced ration: A 24-hour ration with needed nutrients in proper proportions and amounts • Deficiency diseases: Diseases that result from improper amounts or balances of vitamins and minerals

4. Animal Skeletal System Figure 26-1 The skeletal system provides supportfor the body and protection for the soft organs. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

5. Animal Muscular System • Figure 26-2 The well-developed muscular system distinguishes meat animals from animals that are raised for other purposes such as milk and wool production. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

6. Animal Circulatory System Figure 26-3 The circulatory system carriersfood and oxygen that is dissolvedin the blood to all of the cells of the body. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

7. Animal Respiratory System Figure 26-4 The respiratory system provides oxygen to the blood. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

8. Animal Nervous System • Figure 26-5 The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that are distributed throughout the body. This system coordinates all of the other body systems. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

9. Animal Urinary System • Figure 26-6 The urinary system removes waste materials from the blood. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

10. Animal Endocrine System • Group of ductless glands that release hormones into the body • Hormones regulate many body activities • Growth • Reproduction • Milk production • Breathing rate

11. Animal Endocrine System • Proper level of nutrients, especially minerals, is crucial to endocrine system functioning

12. Ruminant Digestive System in Animals Figure 26-7 The ruminant digestive system can use large amounts of roughage. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

13. Monogastric Digestive System in Animals Figure 26-8 The monogastric digestive system has a simple stomach. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

14. Poultry Digestive System Figure 26-9 The poultry digestive system has no true stomach, but it does have an organ called the crop, which stores small amounts of feed. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

15. Poultry Digestive System Figure 26-9 It also has a gizzard, which is the organ that grinds the seeds and other materials eaten by birds. (Courtesy of IMS, Texas A & M University)

16. Major Classes of Nutrients • Water • Protein • Carbohydrates • Minerals • Vitamins • Fat

17. Sources of Nutrients • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Fats • Vitamins and minerals

18. Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiencies • Appropriate types/amounts of feed needed for animals to produce (young or products) • Deficiencies generally produce observable effects

19. Feed Composition and Additives • Two main feed components • Water (usually 10 to 20 %) • Dry matter (organic matter and ash or mineral) • Feed additive: Non-nutritive substance added to feed to promote more rapid growth, increase feed efficiency, or maintain or improve health

20. Feed Composition and Additives • Two major additive groups • Growth regulators • Antibiotics

21. Classification of Feed Materials • Concentrates • Low in fiber, high in total digestible nutrients • Examples: Feed or cereal grains (corn, wheat, oats), grain by-products (wheat bran, brewer’s grain), and animal by-products (tankage, fish meal) • Roughages • High in fiber, low in total digestible nutrients • Three categories: (1) Dry, (2) green, (3) silage