Transformation of the west 1450-1750 (early modern period)

1. By Chandler Clark Transformation of the west1450-1750 (early modern period)

2. Contacts with Asia led to improvements in technology Literacy became more widespread Population growth, urban growth After 1730, the changes in economic activity caused a rapidly growing population More people lived longer Theme 1: Interaction Between Humans and their Environment

3. Science became the centerpiece for the first time in the history of any society Printing helped to expand religious and technological thinking Renaissance: challenged medieval intellectual values and styles Theme 2: Development and Interaction of Cultures

4. New realism appeared in painting, and religion declined as a central focus Secular topics such as love and pride; critical thinking DaVinci and Michelangelo changed styles in art & sculpture Political theory: Machiavelli advanced ideas similar to those of the Chinese legalists Examples from Greece and Rome Humanism: focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor Italy declined as center of Renaissance 16th century (French and Spanish invasion cut political independence, while new Atlantic trade routes hurt the Mediterranean economy) Italian renaissance

5. New realism

6. Leonardo davinci’smonalisa

7. Centered in France, the Low Countries, Germany, and England, spread to eastern Europe More religious than the Italians Writers(Shakespeare, Rabelais, and Cervantes)mixed classical themes with elements of medieval popular culture Northern rulers became patrons of arts, tried to control the church, & sponsored trading companies & colonial ventures Classical styles replaced Gothic Education changed to favor Greek and Roman classics, plus Christian morality A spirit of individual excellence and defiance of tradition was widespread Feudal political forms remained strong Ordinary people were little touched by the new values, and general economic life was not much altered Northern renaissance

8. Northern renaissance

9. German monk Martin Luther nailed 95 theses to door of church • taught that only faith could gain salvation, challenged many Catholic beliefs, including papal authority, monasticism, and priestly celibacy • Bible should be translated into the vernacular • Luther picked up widespread support among German elite because: German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories; gained power at expense of Catholic holy Roman emperor • peasants interpreted Luther's actions as a sanction for rebellion against landlords • Henry VIII in England: Anglican church • Frenchman Jean Calvin, based in Geneva, insisted on the principle of predestination of those who would be saved • Calvinism: sought participation of all believers in church administration, which had the political implications of encouraging the idea of a wider access to government; stressed education to enable believers to read the Bible • Catholic Church was unable to restore unity, but much of Europe remained under its authority • Catholic Reformation worked against Protestant ideas, revived doctrine, and attacked popular beliefs • Jesuitsspearheaded educational and missionary activity, including work in Asia and Americas Protestant and catholic Reformations

10. Martin luther- 95 theses

11. Western view of science compared to other civilizations: West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life Copernicus: astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove Hellenistic belief that earth was center of universe Newton established the principles of motion, defined the forces of gravity, and refined the principles of scientific methodology Spread among educated New attitudes toward religion: Deism argued that God did not regulate natural laws Locke stated that people could learn all that was necessary through their senses and reason Science was central to Western intellectual life (different from other civilizations) Led to… Scientific revolution

12. Centered in France Rational laws could describe both physical and social behavior Produced a basic set of principles concerning human affairs: humans are naturally good, reason was the key to truth, intolerant or blind religion was wrong Adam Smith: governments should stand back & let individual effort & market forces operate for economic advance Methodism demonstrated the continuing power of spiritual faith enlightenment

13. Overseas expansion and growing commercial dominancechangein West • Governments increased their powers • Renaissance sketched brasher spirit create new Western interest in exploring • Protestant and Catholic Reformations led to religious wars 16th and 17th centuries • In France, Calvinists and Catholics disputed until the edict of Nantes in 1598 gave Protestants tolerance. • The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) pitted German and Swedish Protestants against the holy Roman emperor and Spain, established principle of territorial toleration; reduced German prosperity and power for a full century; some princely states in Germany chose one religion, some another; treaty that ended the war granted political independence to Protestant Netherlands • Religion was an important issue in English civil strife; most Protestants, but not Catholics, gained toleration • Religious wars led to very limited concepts of religious pluralism • France gained power, the Netherlands and England developed international trade, and Spain lost dominance Theme 3: State Building, Expansion, and Conflict

14. Protestant theory encouraged parliamentary power • Feudal balance between monarchs and nobles came undone in 17th century • Monarchs gained new powers in warfare and tax collection • France became the West's most important nation • centralized authority, professional bureaucracy and military • Louis XIV: absolute monarchy • Louis XIV followed economic theory of mercantilism, supported measures improving internal and international trade, manufacturing, and colonial development Theme 3 continued

15. Louis xiv

16. Similar policies occurred in Spain, Prussia, and Austria-Hungary Absolute monarchs pushed territorial expansion Britain and the Netherlands formed parliamentary regimes English political settlement occurred in 1688 and 1689; parliament won basic sovereignty over the king Power came from the people, not from a royal divine right, and that they had the right to revolt against unjust rule Many competing nation-states kept the West politically divided and at war Political changes were the least significant England and France continued with their previous patterns Frederick the Great of Prussia introduced greater religious freedom, expanded state economic functions, encouraged agricultural methods, promoted greater commercial coordination and greater equity, and cut back harsh traditional punishments Theme 3 continued

17. Frederick the great

18. 15th century: Europe moved to a new role in world trade While remaining an agricultural society, West became unusually commercially active & developed strong manufacturing sector Renaissance was built on more commercialized economy Greater commercialization was spurred by substantial price inflation during 16th century New World gold and silver forced prices up, and product demand surpassed availability Trading companies formed to take advantage of colonial markets Increasing commerce stimulated manufacturingSpecialized agricultural regions Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

19. Italian Renaissance: Merchants and bankers moved into profit-seeking capitalist ways Mass consumerism Paid, professional entertainment as part of popular leisure New agricultural methods New World crops, like the potato, increased the food supply Led to… Manufacturing: 18th century witnessed rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture Technological innovations (flying shuttle in weaving) improved efficiency Theme 4 continued

20. Flying shuttle

21. Enlightenment treatment of children: parents became more interested in freer movement & greater interaction for young children • Inflation and commercialization in West produced group of people without access to producing property called the: proletariat • European-style family • Late marriage agebirthcontrol, limited overcrowding • Nuclear families of parents and children vs. extended families of most agricultural civilizations • Husband-wife relations; linked family to individual property holdings • Women, however, if unmarried, had fewer alternatives when Protestants abolished convents Theme 5: Development and Transformation of Social Structures

22. Affection within the family

23. Commercialization created a new rural and urban proletariat that suffered from increased food prices For the more prosperous, commercialization supported a more elaborate family life and demystification of nature Stimulated popular protest during the first half of the seventeenth century Witchcraft hysteria reflected economic and religious uncertainties; women were the most common targets The Renaissance created a new wedge between the elite and the masses; elite pulled away from a shared popular culture Enlightenment: less harsh punishment for children, affection among family members Theme 5 continued

24. The end