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Understanding Basic Electricity Fundamentals

Learn about atomic electricity, characteristics of electrical charges, major sources of electricity, current, voltage, resistance, power, circuits, magnetism, transformers, and more. Enhance your knowledge of electricity and its components.

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Understanding Basic Electricity Fundamentals

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  1. Basic Electricity Overview 2016

  2. Training Objectives • At the conclusion of this training, you should expect to have addressed the following topics: • Atomic Electricity, • Electricity at its most basic level; • The three characteristics of electrical charges; • The six major sources of electricity; • Current, Voltage, and Resistance, • What are they, • How are they related;

  3. Training Objectives • Continued: • Power, • Watts, • Watt-Hour; • Circuits, • Series Circuits, • Parallel Circuits, • How current, voltage, and resistance are calculated in series and parallel circuits;

  4. Training Objectives • Continued: • Magnetism, • Electromagnetism, • How a changing magnetic field affects a conductor; • Induction, • Parts of a typical inductor, • What inductors do, • Self-Induction, • Characteristics of inductance;

  5. Training Objectives • Continued: • Transformers, • Their construction, • How they work, • The difference between a step-up and a step-down transformer.

  6. What is Electricity?

  7. Introductions Charles Francois du Fay French Chemist 1698 – 1739 Electrical Charges (+ & -), Conductors, Insulators Benjamin Franklin American Polymath 1706 – 1790 Relationship between Electricity & Lightning Stephen Gray English Dyer & Astronomer 1666 – 1736 Electrical Conduction

  8. Introductions James Watt Scottish Inventor 1736 – 1819 Theory of Horsepower, the “WATT” Alessandro Volta Italian Physicist 1745 – 1827 Voltage, Battery, Capacitance, the “VOLT” André-Marie Ampére French Physicist 1775 – 1836 Electrical Current, Electromagnetism, the “AMPERE”

  9. Introductions Hans Christian Ørsted Danish Physicist 1777 – 1851 Relationship between Electric Currents & Magnetic Fields Michael Faraday British Physicist 1791 – 1867 Electromagnetic Induction Georg Simon Ohm German Physicist 1789 – 1854 Ohm’s Law, the “OHM”

  10. Introductions Joseph Henry American Scientist 1797 – 1878 Electromagnet, Inductance, the “HENRY” Nikola Tesla Serbian Inventor 1856 – 1943 Designer of the Modern AC Electricity Supply System James Prescott Joule British Physicist 1818 – 1889 Electrical Current, Resistance, the “JOULE”

  11. What is Electricity / MATTER? What is Matter? Matter has 2 primary characteristics: Has WEIGHT Requires SPACE

  12. Matter Matter comes in Three Forms:

  13. What is Electricity / ATOMS? What makes matter? Matter is made from ATOMS ATOMS are the basic materials that make up everything we see

  14. What is Electricity / Atoms? • Atom is a Greek word for indivisible (cannot be divided) • An Atom is the smallest particle that an element may be reduced to and still retain its elemental properties • Over 100 Atoms are known to exist • Hydrogen (the most basic of atoms), Helium, Oxygen, Aluminum, Gold, and Mercury are some examples

  15. The Periodic Table of Elements

  16. Atoms • Multiple Atoms may be combined to form other materials • Water (liquid, gas, solid) is formed from Hydrogen and Oxygen (gases) 2 Hydrogen Atoms 1 Oxygen Atom 1 Water Molecule H H O H H O

  17. Atoms Subatomic Particles are the building blocks of Atoms Atoms contain 3 types of Subatomic Particles 1. Electrons (E) (-) 2. Protons (P) (+) 3. Neutrons (N)

  18. Atoms • The center of the Atom is called the Nucleus • The Nucleus is composed of Protons (Positive Charge) and Neutrons (Neutral or No Charge) • Protons and Neutrons bond together to form the Nucleus (+) Proton Neutron (N)

  19. Atoms • Electrons (Negative Charge) orbit the Nucleus • Atoms contain one or more Electron - (+) Proton + N N N + + N + Neutron (N) - - Electron (-)

  20. Atoms • Atoms resemble a miniature solar system • Electrons revolve around the Nucleus much the same as planets revolve around the sun E(-) E(-) E(-) P(+) N E(-) E(-) E(-) E(-)

  21. Atomic Structure • Atoms having an equal number of Electrons and Protons are known as Balanced or Neutral • Hydrogen Atoms have 1 Proton and 1 Electron (+) Proton + - Electron (-)

  22. Atomic Structure • A Copper Nucleus has 35 Neutrons and 29 Protons • There are 29 Electrons orbiting the Nucleus • The outer Electron is easily exchanged between Copper Atoms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 + 35 N - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

  23. Atomic Structure • Because Copper Atoms may easily exchange Electrons, Copper Atoms are good electrical conductors • After exchanging Electrons, the Atoms remain balanced - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 + 35 N 29 + 35 N - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

  24. Atomic Structure • Conducting Atoms will normally have no more than three Electrons on the outer orbit • Semiconducting Atoms will have exactly four • Insulating Atoms will have a minimum of five Conducting Semiconducting Insulating - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + N + N + N - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

  25. Atomic Structure • An example of two Atoms that are good electrical conductors would be Silver and Copper Single Electron in Outermost Orbit - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Silver Atom - - - - - - - - - - Copper Atom - - - - - - - - 29 + 35 N 47 + 61 N - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

  26. Atomic Structure The best Pure Metal conductors for electricity are: Silver - expensive, used in special applications Copper - the most widely used metal conductor Gold - very expensive, used in specialized applications due to its non-corrosive characteristics Aluminum - used in many electrical transmission applications

  27. Relative Conductivities of Metals

  28. Basic Electricity When Electrons Move, Current Flows, THINGS HAPPEN

  29. Basic Electricity What Makes Electricity? • Electricity is produced from six major sources Friction Heat Pressure Light Chemical Reactions Magnetism

  30. Electricity is Produced By Friction • Friction occurs when one object is rubbed against a second object • Protons (Positive Charge) and Electrons (Negative Charge) are present in equal quantities in both the rod and the fur • Electrons are transferred from the fur to the rod

  31. Electricity is Produced By Heat Meter detects the electrical charge An electrical charge is produced when heat is applied to the junction of the twisted metals.

  32. Electricity is Produced By Pressure An electrical charge is produced when pressure is applied to crystals of certain materials.

  33. Electricity is Produced By Light An electrical charge is produced when light strikes photo sensitive material.

  34. Electricity is Produced By Chemical Reactions An electrical charge is produced by chemical reactions in an electric cell.

  35. Electricity is Produced By Magnetism Electricity is produced by relative movement of a magnet and a wire which results in the cutting of lines of force.

  36. Sources of Electricity CHEMICAL MAGNETISM LIGHT HEAT 2,000 LBS. PRESSURE HEAT

  37. Sources of Electricity Of the six major electricity sources, which are the two most commonly used? • Chemical Reaction • DC • Flows in Only One Direction • Magnetism • AC • Reverses Direction as it Flows

  38. Basic Electrical Review Which two particles have an electrical charge? Protons Electrons

  39. Basic Electrical Review True or False: Protons have a negative charge and electrons have a positive charge. False

  40. Basic Electrical Review Law of Attraction: Do opposite electrical charges attract or repel each other? Attract

  41. Basic Electrical Review Law of Attraction: Do like electrical charges attract or repel each other? Repel

  42. Basic Electrical Review Electrical Current is the movement of ______. A. protons. B. electrons. C. atoms. D. neutrons. E. all or none of the above.

  43. Basic Electrical Review The two major sources of energy that are used to produce large amounts of electricity are: Magnetism Chemical Reaction

  44. Basic Electrical Quantities

  45. Basic Electrical Quantities There are three basic electrical quantities: • Voltage • Current • Resistance

  46. Basic Electrical Quantities Voltage, Current, and Resistance combine to form an electrical circuit. How? Voltage has to PUSH the electrons through a circuit.

  47. Basic Electrical Quantities – Voltage Without steam, a steam locomotive will simply sit on the track. Using the same logic, without Voltage, electrons will not move or flow through the circuit.

  48. Basic Electrical Quantities – Voltage Voltage: • The electromotive force that makes electrons move • Measured in Volts (V) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 + 35 N - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

  49. Basic Electrical Quantities – Current Current: • The flow of electrons • Measured in Amps (A) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Current is the movement of free electrons through a conductor from a more negative charge to a more positive charge.

  50. Basic Electrical Quantities – Current A circuit’s current is directly proportional to the circuit’s voltage…. . . . likewise, if you want more Current, you need more Voltage. Current Current Current Volts Volts Volts

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