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Education Reform

Education Reform. 1815-1848. Ben Bishop and Sally Seitz. “In a republic, ignorance is a crime.” - Horace Mann ( http:// americanhistory.abc- clio.com ) “In its broadest definition, education is the entire process of cultural transmission” (HOW, 452).

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Education Reform

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  1. Education Reform 1815-1848 Ben Bishop and Sally Seitz “In a republic, ignorance is a crime.” -Horace Mann (http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com) “In its broadest definition, education is the entire process of cultural transmission” (HOW, 452).

  2. Horace Mann: “Father of American Public Education” • Secretary of Massachusetts State Board of Educationfrom 1837-1848 • “Education is a great equalizer of the conditions of men – the balance wheel of the social machinery.” • Made Massachusetts the state leader in “Educated America” • Schools would not only help America, but would also enhance American relations on a universal level • Creation of Public Schools was an act of justice • Created idea that all children are entitled to education, contrary to European theory • Wanted schools to explain the government of the country the children live in • Stated that “a republic with an uneducated population is a very rash action” • Persistent in majority of education being free to the public and with Protestant foundation • Organized conventions in every county in Massachusetts to spread the interest of education and to also train teachers. • Favored the idea of moral education over corporal punishment • Created first teacher training school in Lexington in 1839

  3. Horace Mann:Letter to State Legislature • This was Horace Mann’s last letter to the State Legislature on the Education Board’s activities. • “Without undervaluing any other human agency, it is safely affirmed that the common school, improved and energized as easily as it can be, may become the most effective and benignant of all the forces of civilization” (http://americanhistory.abc-clio.com).

  4. Henry Barnard • Ideology similar to Horace Mann • Served three terms on Connecticut General Assembly • Biggest achievement was sponsoring bill for improvement of common schools • Established State Board of Education Commissioners, which was to be led by a State Secretary of Education • Ends up actually being State Secretary of Education • Set up schools for teachers and founded and edited Connecticut common school journal, which was also known as The American journal of Education • Superintendent of the schools of Connecticut • Had many followers who agreed with his idea that education reduced poverty

  5. Mary Lyon:Higher Learning for Women • 1837- Started one of the first Secondary School for Women • Called Mount Holyoke Female Seminary • Mary Lyon was first head of the college • First class had 80 graduate students • Taught classes such as natural science, mathematics, “modern history,” and Latin • Started as a 3 year program, but extended to four years • Used college-level textbooks • Most common professions taken after graduating were teachers and missionaries

  6. William Holmes McGuffey • Wrote Eclectic Reader in 1836, which taught students basic reading skills • Created idea of moving from small words to sentences and henceforth • All characters in his books were white with Anglo-Saxon traditions (very patriotic)

  7. Religion and Education • Sunday Schools • Originally started because states wouldn’t start primary school • Provided reading lessons one day a week • Started to teach only religion after public schools were implemented • 1827- Sunday Schools were teaching 200,000 kids how to read • African American Studies • Religion played an important role in African American’s schooling • Teaching slaves was outlawed in most states • Some masters felt a religious obligation to teach slaves • Negro schools existed in Free Slave areas (not publicly supported)

  8. Worcester vs. Georgia:Education problems with Native Americans • Georgia determined to end education of Native Americans and expelled missionaries; sparked Supreme Court case Worcester vs. Georgia • Cherokees, led by John Ross, challenged the constitutionality of Georgia’s laws • Court held jurisdiction that Cherokees couldn’t strike down Georgia’s laws, but declared Cherokees a “dependent” nation in the case Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia • Samuel Worcester: missionary from Vermont • Challenged Georgia’s extension laws • John Marshall ruled against Georgia’s extension laws and that the Cherokee were a separate, sovereign nation

  9. Common Schools • Tuition-free, tax-supported • Modeled after French system “écolenormale” • Rural schools varied in size, but usually remained at one room; were compliant to agricultural needs • Schools brought towns together • Exclusively white • Knowing education marked class advancement • Began to hire more women because they believed women provided nurture and encouragement; chances for unmarried women • Hinted at social acceptance of unmarried people • Females still had to focus on roles of “average” woman (cooking, sewing, etc.)

  10. Common Schools (continued) • “The ideology of the American common schools included patriotic virtue, responsible character, and democratic participation, all to be developed through intellectual discipline and the nurture of the moral qualities” (HOW, 453). • Met statewide standards of education • Had up-to-date textbooks and facilities • Teachers were actually trained • States assumed role of education because they promoted growth of towns and communities • Helped keep children off the street • Common religion instruction and reading the bible were implemented

  11. Secondary Schools • University of Virginia • Dartmouth College • South Carolina College

  12. Secondary Schools before 1848

  13. Literacy Ratesin 1840 • New England: No state lower than 98% literacy; comparable to Sweden and Scotland, where Protestant programs were in effect • 91% of American Whites were literate; comparable to Prussia, whose education system was also run by church • Including African American Adults, US literacy was 78%; to compare, England’s was 59% • North Carolina had lowest literacy rate at 72% (89% by 1860)

  14. Bibliography • 1. "Common schools." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2011 • 2. "File:HoraceMann.jpg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia Images, 11 Mar. 2009. Web. 08 Nov. 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Horace_Mann.jpg. • 3. "Henry Barnard." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. • 4. "Henry Barnard." Image. Library of Congress. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. • 5. "Horace Mann: Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education (1848)." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. • 6. Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815-1848. New York: Oxford UP, 2007. Print. • 7. Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas Andrew Bailey. The American Pageant. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2009. Print. • 8. "Mary Lyon." Image. Library of Congress. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2011.   • 9. McGuire, William, and Leslie Wheeler. "Mary Lyon." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. • 10. "Univerity of Virginia Rotunda." Test Page for the Nginx HTTP Server on EPEL. 1 Jan. 2006. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. <http://dc-cdn.virtacore.com/>.

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