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Respiratory System

Respiratory System. Gas Exchange. Introduction. What is our atmosphere made of? Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, Other 1% Why is breathing important? Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 b/t environment and our bodies What is the O 2 used for? All cells require O 2 for cellular respiration energy

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Respiratory System

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  1. Respiratory System Gas Exchange

  2. Introduction • What is our atmosphere made of? • Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, Other 1% • Why is breathing important? • Exchange of O2 and CO2 b/t environment and our bodies • What is the O2 used for? • All cells require O2 for cellular respiration • energy • Other gasses? • CO2 + H2O • Expelled as waste

  3. General Functions • Intake of oxygen • For Cellular Respiration • Exhale carbon dioxide • Preservation of life

  4. Terminology • Breathing: to take air into the lungs and let it out again (inhale and exhale). • Gas Exchange: the process of diffusion that allows for carbon dioxide to leave the capillaries surrounding the alveoli while facilitating the entrance of oxygen into the capillary. (Carbon dioxide-out: oxygen in)

  5. Cellular Respiration: when cells oxidize organic carbon to obtain energy. This is different from just respiration or the respiratory system. Note: the start product (oxygen) and end product (carbon dioxide) necessitate the need for the respiratory system.

  6. Breathing vs. Respiration (Terminology) • Breathing • Intake of O2 • Exhale CO2 • Gasses exchanged in alveoli in lungs • Respiration • C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O • Breakdown of sugar into energy • Takes place in all cells • Gas Exchange: • Diffusion allowing for carbon dioxide to leave the capillaries and oxygen to come in. (Carbon dioxide-out: oxygen in)

  7. Respiratory Structures and their Functions • Mouth and nostrils • Air enters respiratory system • Allows a larger volume of air to be transferred • Nasal cavities • Provide moisture • Filter and trap particles • Hair and mucous

  8. Respiratory Structures and their Functions • Pharynx • In mouth • connect to the back of the oral and nasal cavities. The pharynx is also connected to the trachea and esophagus • Passage for food and air (digestion and gas exchange • Lined with ciliate epithelial cells to trap fine particles • Contains tonsils and adenoids

  9. Respiratory Structures and their Functions • Epiglottis • A leaf-like flap of tissue • prevents food from entering the trachea.

  10. Larynx Voice box Ligaments Air passes, vibrate ligaments, sound produced Vocal chords Respiratory Structures and their Functions

  11. Respiratory Structures and their Functions • Vocal chords: two elastic ligaments that produce sounds depending on various tensions.

  12. Adam’s apple cartilage that protects the larynx. Respiratory Structures and their Functions

  13. Respiratory Structures and their Functions • Trachea • Windpipe • Takes air into the lungs. • Lined with cilia • Mucus • Filter extra particles • Cartilage rings • Provide support • Keep trachea open

  14. Respiratory Structures and Their Function • Cilia: small hairs that trap particles. Cilia move upwards to move particles back upwards so that they can be spit out. Trachea Pharynx

  15. Bronchi Two branches of the trachea Contain cartilage Go to R & L lungs Bronchioles Smaller branches inside each lung that are less than 1mm in diameter No cartilage Rings of muscle – change diameter Respiratory Structures and their Functions

  16. Alveoli The point of gas exchange The overall purpose of alveoli is to increase surface area for gas exchange. Very thin air sacs Surrounded by capillaries Site of gas diffusion Concentration gradient One cell thick Each lung - ~ 150 million Film of lipoprotein – prevents alveoli from sticking together Respiratory Structures and their Functions

  17. Respiratory Structures and their Functions • Lungs • Two cone shaped organs • right has 3 lobes • left has 2 lobes • shares space with heart • Located in thoracic cavity -base contacts diaphragm and top above the clavicles

  18. Pleural Membrane Outer surface of lungs Inner wall of chest cavity Reduced friction Respiratory Structures and their Functions

  19. Diaphragm Band of muscle shaped like a dome Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity Helps in breathing Respiratory Structures and their Functions

  20. Respiratory Structures and their Functions • Ribs: bones that protect the thoracic cavity.

  21. Respiratory Structures and their Functions Intercostal muscles muscles between the ribs that aid in breathing.

  22. Human Gas Exchange System

  23. Diagram Answers Section of head and thorax to show respiratory system. left lung (surface) view Right lung (section) 1 Nasal cavity 2 Pharnyx 3 Epiglottis 4 esophagus 5 Cartilage rings 6 Bronchi 7 Lung • Heart • Pleural membranes • Diaphragm • Alveoli • 12 Pleural membranes • 13 Bronchioles • 14 Intercostal muscles • 15 Ribs • 16 Trachea • 17 Larynx

  24. Mechanism of Breathing

  25. BREATHING MOVEMENTS • Oxygen continuously moves from alveoli into blood • Carbon dioxide from blood to alveoli • Air in alveoli must, therefore, be continuously replaced with fresh air

  26. INHALATION • diaphragm contracts • intercostal muscles contract • increase in lung volume • environmental air pressure is greater than the lung pressure • air rushes in to equalize pressure

  27. EXHALATION • diaphragm relaxes up • intercostal muscles relax • decrease in lung volume • lung pressure is greater than environmental air pressure • air rushes out to equalize pressure

  28. Inhalation and Exhalation

  29. Inhalation and Exhalation

  30. Role of Diaphragm • During inhalation • regulates pressure in chest cavity • Contract – flattens, moves down • Volume increases, pressure decreases • Air moves into lungs • During exhalation • Relaxes – dome shaped, moves up • Chest volume decreases, pressure increases • Air moves out

  31. Role of the Intercostal Muscles • Intercostal muscles are located between the ribs • Inspiration: Muscles contract, pulls ribs up and out • Expiration: Muscles relax, ribs move down

  32. Diffusion Across Alveoli • In LUNGS – • Higher concentration of oxygen than in blood. • Lower concentration of carbon dioxide than in blood.

  33. Diffusion Across Alveoli RESULTS • Oxygen moves from the air in the lungs across the alveoli and into the capillary where it becomes attached to hemoglobin. • Carbon dioxide moves from the blood across the alveoli and into the air of the lungs.

  34. Characteristics that facilitate diffusion: have thin walls kept moist richly supplied with blood vessels large surface area Alveoli

  35. REGULATION & CONTROL • Medulla Oblongata -- breathing center • controls rate and depth of breathing • the medulla is sensitive to CO2 levels in the blood • If CO2 (carbonic acid) level too high... • medulla tells diaphragm and intercostals to increase activity • once CO2 levels drop into normal range... • medulla stops sending “increase activity” message

  36. REGULATION & CONTROL • Chemoreceptors – • If stimulated – • Diaphragm begins breathing movements • More breathing, lower CO2 levels • Can be controlled • Medulla will take over if CO2 builds up

  37. QUANTITIES OF AIR • TIDAL VOLUME – amount air exchanged with each normal breath • INSPIRATORY RESERVE – additional air that can be inhaled over and above the tidal volume • EXPIRATORY RESERVE – extra air that can be forcibly exhaled in excess of the tidal volume

  38. QUANTITIES OF AIR • VITAL CAPACITY – the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exchanged • RESIDUAL VOLUME – amount of air that remains in lungs after forceful expiration.

  39. QUANTITIES OF AIR

  40. Transport of Gases • OXYGEN TRANSPORT • hemoglobin transports about 97% of the oxygen • 3% will diffuse into the plasma • the hemoglobin molecule is composed of 4 peptide chains with an iron center • oxygen attaches to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin • oxygen is released in the tissues

  41. Carbon Dioxide in the Blood • Approximately • 64% of CO2 – bicarbonate ion in plasma • 27% of CO2 – combines with hemoglobin • 9% of CO2 – is dissolved in plasma

  42. Transport of Gases • CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT • CO2 moves away from muscle • CO2 continually diffuses into the blood plasma. • an enzyme (carbonic anhydrase) in red blood cells converts some CO2 and water (from plasma) into carbonic acid • carbonic acid breaks into H+ and bicarbonate ions (hydrogen carbonate) • the H+ combines with hemoglobin • helps avoid significant pH change in blood • the bicarbonate ion stays in the plasma + + HHb H CO + H O H CO 2 2 2 3 H CO - 3

  43. Transport of Gases • When this blood reaches lungs: • new O2 will combine with hemoglobin displacing H+ into plasma. • H+ recombines with bicarbonate ion producing H2O and CO2 which diffuses into alveoli to be exhaled

  44. Factors Affecting Breathing Rate

  45. 1. Exercise • When exercise occurs carbon dioxide levels accumulate faster than normal. • As a result, your breathing rate and depth increase.

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