Latinos United: Mexican, Italian, and Spanish Miners:

1. Latinos United:  Mexican, Italian, and Spanish Miners: in Arizona Labor Strikes 1900-1920

2. Learning about a Miner’s life from the bottom-up Butte, Montana Copper City Rivals with Bisbee for title “Queen of Copper Camps”

3. Copper Prices Soar, Industrial Uses

4. Arizona Copper Towns Grew

5. Whiteness was Important • White = Northern Europeans • Often skilled Workers: Cornish and Irish • Whites Got better Wages • Whites Got better housing • Whites likely to have political control • Whites control “craft” or skilled Unions • Whites Got perks like being in the local band

6. La Raza Latina/La Razza Latino • Some groups were “IN BETWEEN” whites and minorities. Certain privileges BUT • Also faced prejudice and discrimination • The “Latin Race” was at times a source of PAN ETHNIC IDENTITY for * Mexicans * Spaniards * Italians

7. European Spanish Speakersseen as “Dark”

8. Race is “Italian” for U.S. born

9. World War I -> Labor issuesRadical Groups fight for control of Unions • Labor Forward = battle cry • Western Federation of Miners grows * Mexicans, Italians, and Slavs from Globe, AZ *Spaniards from Ray, AZ *Latins of Clifton/Morenci, AZ • 1917 alliance of Mexican and Spanish, Italians, and Slavic groups control: Arizona State Federation of Labor’s • ONLY ONE GROUP WINS… WHY??? LATIN UNITY War $$ = + Huge Profits for Copper Companies BUT ----No raises for workers AND ----Price of daily goods increases THUS-- Arizona beset with big strikes ALSO small “strikitos”

10. Bisbee Whitest White Town • De Jure segregation of Chinese “Sundown Law” • De Facto segregation of Mexicans, Blacks, and southern European Immigrants • Mexicans could not work underground • Italian miners earned less than other Europeans • NO UNIONS

11. Wages by Groups 1911

12. Tintown: Bisbee Barrio

13. Brewery Gulch, Bisbee Lower Gulch Poor Whites Southern Europeans Racial Minorities AND Upper Gulch Very Poor Prostitution Gambling Drugs Above and Beside Two More Barrios

14. Labor Struggle WFM vs Industrial Workers of the World

15. Bisbee Deportation 1917 Mexicans Sided with Industrial Workers of World in hopes of better work Italians Sided with Western Federation of Miners

16. Globe, Arizona • Another White Man’s Camp • Chinese could live in town but segregated • New Immigrants lived in one area League of Nations Mexicans and Italians could join the powerful local union Western Federation of Miners

17. In Globe, Arizona Italians formed a Little Italy They were self-sufficient and strongly pro Union. From the same area in Italy  their unity: Piemontese Not as willing to join Mexicans in strike efforts

18. Italians Had their own Saloons Bocce was a popular sport among Italians

19. Globe Boarding House Women contributed to the economy by being frugal at home PLUS Took in Borders Worked in Laundries or Family Business

20. Clifton/Morenci/MetcalfMexican Camp Railroads linked remote sites Many Groups were Catholic

21. Clifton was considered a City Minorities, including Chinese merchants, lived along Chase Creek

22. All areas had Latin influences The band is not an official company band, but one popular for celebrations like dances, weddings, funerals, etc.

23. Shannon Hill housed a Mexican barrio (below) anda Spanish enclave (Above) Spaniards arrived in Arizona later than Italians but both groups identified with Mexican as workers.

24. Morenci was a Mexican Town Clifton, Morenci, and Metcalf had high percentages of Mexicans, Italians and Spaniards (who arrived later and avoided “White Towns”)

25. Wedding: Granieri Family of Morenci Immigrants tended to marry within their region Lived near each other in Morenci’s Seven Hills BUT apart from Whites Calabrese Family Pictured here

26. All Groups also Intermarried

27. Anarchists mixed ideas in Mexico and Europe

28. Latin Unity Won Labor Conflicts • Italians invited to join Mexican Mutialistas * 1903 “wild cat” strike 5 Mexicans and 4 Italian leaders sent to prison Pan-Latin Group (Spanish too) Wins Concessions in War Years 1915- 1918 Joining Union

29. OPEN PIT COPPER MINES: CHEAP AND EFFICIENT Ethnic Neighborhoods destroyed since company owned the land in mining towns. Groups still hold reunions recalling life in Morenci and Ray.