Reagan Foreign Policy (continued) and the End of the Cold War

1. Reagan Foreign Policy (continued) and the End of the Cold War

2. Foreign Affairs (continued) H. Bombing of Libya: Libya responsible for international terrorism and attacks on US planes over Mediterranean Action in the Gulf of Sidra in March 1986 Libyan cities & airbases bombed in April 1986 (2 US pilots - 58 Libyans)

3. Foreign Affairs (continued) I. The Falkland War: 1982 Argentina invades British Falkland Islands Britain responds; Reagan sides w/ Britain (Britain wins) J. South Africa: denounced apartheid Cooperated w/ South Africa on other matters Policy called “constructive engagement” or quiet persuasion

5. Foreign Affairs (continued) K. Iran and Iraq: affirmation of neutrality Secretly helped both sides L. Iran Arms Sales: 1986 scandal US sold weapons to Iran (terrorism) Contras receive profits President himself denies knowledge 1987 Congressional investigations

7. Reagan-Gorbachev Summits 1) Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985) 1st meeting No substantial progress – but the two did agree that “a nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought”

8. Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985)

9. Geneva Summit (Nov. 1985)

10. Reagan-Gorbachev Summits 2) Reykjavik Summit (Oct. 1986) Discussions of the “Zero Option” & SDI Gorbachev wants SDI “confined to the laboratory” – Reagan refused to concessions Talks end w/out agreement BUT covered the most sweeping arms control proposals in history Gorbachev declared it “an intellectual breakthrough” in US-Soviet relations

11. 2) Reykjavik Summit (Oct. 1986)

12. Speaking at the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987

13. Reagan-Gorbachev Summits 3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987) An Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty was signed – actually abolished weapons  land-based missiles of intermediate and shorter range Important 1st step in reducing stockpiles – 1st time agreement was reached on inspection of the destruction of missiles

14. 3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987)

15. 3) Washington Summit (Dec. 1987)

16. Reagan-Gorbachev Summits 4) Moscow Summit (May 1988) Last Gorbachev-Reagan Summit Marked by the June 1 exchange of the instruments of ratification which implemented the INF Treaty Arms reduction negotiations continue; still SDI disagreement Red Square, Reagan & the “evil empire”

17. 4) Moscow Summit (May 1988)

18. 4) Moscow Summit (May 1988)

19. Other Elements of Gorbachev’s Foreign Policy By 1988 he announced his plans to withdraw from Afghanistan & he pulled back Soviet aid to its “allies” The “thawing” of the Cold War continued under the new president George H.W. Bush

20. Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988 & 1989

21. President Reagan, Vice-President Bush meet with Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev on Governor's Island, New York. 12/7/88.

23. The Revolutions of 1989 and the End of the Cold War

24. The Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia

25. Revolution in Romania

26. Revolution in Romania

28. Capture, Trial, and Execution of NicolaeCeaușescu and his Wife

29. Summit in Malta (Dec. 1989) The Revolutions of 1989 led Bush and Gorbachev to declare that the Cold War was over Soviet FM Shevardnadze announced that the superpowers had “buried the Cold War at the bottom of the Mediterranean”

30. Gorbachev and Bush about to share a meal on board the Soviet cruise ship Maxim Gorky, MarsaxlokkHarbour, Malta (December 2-3 1989)

31. Summit in Malta

32. Reunification of Germany Chancellor Kohl needed the US and USSR to permit reunification Summer of 1990 – German unity was brokered 1) FRG  USSR generous loans 2) United Germany formed &  NATO 12 Sept. 1990Two-Plus-Four Treaty signed 2 October 1990 GDR was integrated into the FRG

33. Hundreds of thousands were present when the flag was hoisted in front of the Reichstag on reunion day

35. The Brandenburg Gate Today

36. The End of the USSR Gorbachev became increasingly unpopular at home – failed to improve the economy Events in Eastern Europe brought about calls for independence from the republics of the Soviet Union August 1991: Baltic States and other soviet republics declare independence This intensified hostility  Gorbachev

37. The Republics within the USSR and Eastern Europe

38. The End of the USSR August 1991 – attempted coup against Gorbachev by Communist hardliners Coup defeated by Boris Yeltsin – Gorbachev was restored but he had lost his authority 25 December 1991 – Gorbachev resigned as president The CIS was established and the USSR ceased to exist

39. Tanks on Red Square during the 1991 coup attempt

40. Mass demonstration in Moscow against the 1991 coup attempt

41. Yeltsin stands on a tank in front of the Russian White House (Russian Parliament) to defy the August Coup in 1991

42. Five double-headed Russian coat-of-arms eagles (below) substituting the former state emblem of the Soviet Union and the “CCCP” letters (above) in the facade of the Grand Kremlin Palace after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

43. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Founded on 8 December 1991 Current Full Members: the Russian Federation Republic of Belarus Armenia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Turkmenistan Tajikistan Uzbekistan Participating Member: Ukraine Associate Member: Turkmenistan Former Members: Georgia

44. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the European Union