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BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OTHERS

Explore the various aspects of human behavior towards others, including aggression, conflict resolution, racism, stereotypes, attraction, love, and helping behavior. Gain insights into biological, psychological, and social factors that influence these behaviors.

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BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OTHERS

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  1. BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OTHERS

  2. AGGRESION • Hostile behavior with the intent to harm physically or mentally • Hostile aggression: based on anger; when someone is upset and responds emotionally w/intent to harm • Instrumental aggression: motivation is to advance a cause or achieve something, not emotion

  3. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR AGGRESSION • Possible genetic predisposition to aggression • Higher levels of testosterone create more aggressive tendencies

  4. ALCOHOL EFFECTS • Disinhibition of aggression: alcohol depresses functioning of frontal lobe; impairs judgment, planning, and restraint

  5. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AGGRESSION • Frustration-aggression hypothesis: if an organism is prevented or inhibited from reaching a goal, they will react with aggression • Social learning—Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment

  6. CONFLICT AND PEACEFUL RESOLUTIONS

  7. CONFLICT • Opposing actions, ideas, or goals between individuals or groups

  8. SOCIAL DILEMMA • A situation that places the desires of the individual in conflict with the good of the group • Ultimately, short-term gains lead to long-term losses

  9. PEACEFUL RESOLUTIONS • Regulation • Reduce size of dilemma • Change payoffs • Communication—doesn’t work for the truly selfish

  10. APPEALS TO SOCIAL NORMS • Altruistic norms: expectations of acting on behalf of the group and not in self-interest • Social responsibility norm: expectation that people help others, even at personal cost • Reciprocity norm: you should help those who have helped you

  11. CONFLICTS BEYOND SOCIAL DILEMMAS • MuzaferSherif’sRobber’s Cave • 2 groups of campers • 1st week: groups are unaware of each other; begin to form group identity • 2nd week: competition btwn the 2 groups leads to bad behavior; both display mirror-image perceptions: members of opposing groups have same negative perceptions of each other • 3rd week: superordinate goals (would benefit both groups; requires cooperation) were introduced

  12. RACE

  13. RACISM • Categorization of a person or group based on their race or ethnicity and the systematic mistreatment of people in the targeted group

  14. INGROUP/OUTGROUP • Ingroup: group with which one identifies • Outgroup: group with which one feels no identification • Ethnocentrism:judging other cultures based only on the values and characteristics of one’s own culture

  15. STEREOTYPES • Overgeneralized attitudes about a group of people based only on their membership in that group, not individual characteristics

  16. STEREOTYPE THREAT • A situation in which people feel at risk of performing as their group is expected to perform • Self-fulfilling prophecy: prediction that causes itself to come true

  17. PREJUDICE • Negative judgments about a group of people based on their membership in the group; usually involves bias and stereotypes • Scapegoating

  18. DISCRIMINATION • Negative behavior toward members of a target group based on their race, ethnicity, or shared characteristics

  19. ATTRACTION

  20. PROXIMITY/PROPINQUITY EFFECT • Being physically close can lead to attraction • Usually the most important factor

  21. INTERACTION • People end up liking people when they interact • Anticipation of interaction also works

  22. MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT • Repeatedly seeing someone can lead to attraction

  23. PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS

  24. MATCHING PHENOMENON • People tend to be attracted to those whom they feel are about as physically attractive as they are • Other factors: age, economic status, professional or social status

  25. PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS STEREOTYPE • Positive characteristics are ascribed to attractive people • Halo effect: we see attractive ppl as smart, creative, trustworthy w/no evidence to suggest it

  26. SIMILARITY • We like people who are more like us

  27. RECIPROCITY • We like people who like us in return

  28. LOVE

  29. TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE • Robert Sternberg • 3 components of love: • 1) Intimacy---feeling of closeness and attachment; assoc. w/ privacy • 2) Passion---sexual or romantic feelings and excitement • 3) Commitment---promise to sustain the relationship

  30. EIGHT KINDS OF LOVE • Nonlove • Liking---only intimacy • Infatuation---only passion • Empty love---only commitment

  31. EIGHT KINDS OF LOVE CONTINUED • Romantic love---intimacy and passion • Fatuous love---passion and commitment (short-lived) • Companionate love---intimacy and commitment • Consummate love---intimacy, passion, commitment (ideal love)

  32. ATTACHMENT • Mary Ainsworth • 3 types: secure, anxious ambivalent, and avoidant • Hazan and Shaver applied these to romantic relationships

  33. HELPING BEHAVIOR

  34. BYSTANDER EFFECT • People are less likely to help someone in need if there are other people watching the distress • Diffusion of responsibility • Bystander intervention: helping despite the presence of others

  35. PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR • When people help one another

  36. ALTRUISM • The desire to help another person strictly for that person’s benefit w/o expecting personal benefit • Empathy is needed

  37. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY • People engage in a cost-benefit analysis and help others only because they get some benefit from providing assistance or b/c doing so relieves a negative feeling

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