Importance of Neuroscience for the Behavior Forming

1. Importance of Neuroscience for the Behavior Forming

2. Neuroscience and Behavior • Biological psychology is the scientific study ofthe biological bases of behavior and mental processes. This area of research isalso called biopsychology. Both terms emphasize the idea of a biological approachto the study of psychological processes. • Biological psychology is one of the scientificdisciplines that makes important contributions to neuroscience—thescientific study of the nervous system. As neuroscientists, biopsychologists bringtheir expertise in behavior and behavioral research to this scientific endeavor. • Some of the other scientific disciplines that contribute to neuroscience includephysiology, pharmacology, biology, and neurology.

3. Neurons • Communication throughout the nervous system takes place via neurons—cellsthat are highly specialized to receive and transmit information from one part ofthe body to another.

4. Glial cells • Along with neurons, the human nervous system is made up of other types ofspecialized cells, called glial cellsbetween neurons and blood vesselsin the brain.

5. Glia and Blood-Brain Barrier

6. Basic typesof neurons There are three basic typesof neurons, each communicating different kinds of information: • Sensory neurons convey information about theenvironment, such as light or sound, from specialized receptorcells in the sense organs to the brain. Sensory neuronsalso carry information from the skin and internalorgans to the brain. • Motor neurons communicate informationto the muscles and glands of the body. blinking your eyes activates thousands of motor neurons. • Interneuronscommunicate information between neurons. By far, most of the neurons in thehuman nervous system are interneurons, and many interneurons connect toother interneurons.

7. Components of the neuron • The cell body contains the nucleus, which provides energyfor the neuron to carry out its functions. The cell body also contains geneticmaterial and other structures that are found in virtually all the cells in thebody. • Extending out from the cell body are many short, branching fibers, calleddendrites. Dendrites receive messages from other neurons orspecialized cells. • The axon is a single, elongated tube that extends from the cell body inmost, though not all, neurons. Axons carryinformation from the neuron to other cells in the body, including other neurons,glands, and muscles. • The axons of many, though not all, neurons are surrounded by the myelinsheath. The myelin sheath is a white, fatty covering anufactured by specialglial cells.

8. The Neuron Soma Dendrites Myelin Sheath Axon Terminals Axon

11. Function of ion gate

12. Action Potentials

16. Communication Between Neurons • In thebrain, as in the rest of the nervous system,information is transmitted by electrical impulsesthat speed from one neuronto the next.

17. TheSynapse • The point of communication between two neurons • is called the synapse. • The transmission of information between two neurons occurs in one of two • ways: electrically or chemically.

18. Chemical Signals • One neuron will transmit info to another neuron or to a muscle or gland cell by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters. • The site of this chemical interplay is known as the synapse. • An axon terminal (synaptic knob) will abut another cell, a neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell. • This is the site of transduction – the conversion of an electrical signal into a chemical signal.

19. Synaptic Transmission • An AP reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell and causes V-gated Ca2+ channels to open. • Ca2+ rushes in, binds to regulatory proteins & initiates NT exocytosis. • NTs diffuse across the synaptic cleft and then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and initiate some sort of response on the postsynaptic cell.

20. Important Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine -learning, memory, muscle contractions • Dopamine – movement, thought processes, rewarding sensations • Serotonin - emotional states, sleep • Norepinephrine - physical arousal, learning, memory • GABA - Inhibition of brain activity • Endorphins Pain perception Positive emotions

23. Central & peripheral nervous system • The central nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord. • Bundles of neuron axons that carry informationin the peripheral nervous system.