Chapter 1: An Orientation to the Human Body

1. Chapter 1: An Orientation to the Human Body

2. Introduction • Anatomy • Study of: • External & internal structures of body • Physical relationship between parts of body • Answers questions “What?” & “Where?” • Physiology • Study of functions of various parts of body • Answers questions “Why?” & “How?”

3. Navigating the Body • Planes of division

4. Navigating the Body (cont’d) • Anatomical Position • To ensure consistency when describing relationship of structures • Body is erect • Feet parallel & flat on floor • Arms at sides • Palms forward • Fingers straight down • Head & eyes forward

5. Navigating the Body (cont’d) • Directional References

6. Navigating the Body (cont’d) • Body regions. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view.

7. Navigating the Body (cont’d) • Body cavities

8. Building the Body: Atoms to Organisms • Levels of organization of the body

9. Body Systems • Integumentary (A), skeletal (B), & muscular (C) systems

10. Body Systems (cont’d) • Nervous (D), cardiovascular (E), & lymphatic (F) systems

11. Body Systems (cont’d) • Respiratory (G) & endocrine (H) systems

12. Body Systems (cont’d) • Reproductive system (I)

13. Body Systems (cont’d) • Digestive (J) & urinary (K) systems

14. Preserving Life: Necessary Functions

15. Maintaining Homeostasis • Homeostasis • A state of equilibrium or stability in the internal environment • Maintained by each system continuously altering its active state • Detectors throughout body monitor & make adjustments in: • Calcium, hydrogen, & sodium levels • Volume of blood • Blood pressure • Hormone levels • Body temperature

16. Maintaining Homeostasis (cont’d) • Feedback System • A system designed to maintain homeostasis • Constantly monitors a particular variable • Increases or decreases level of variable to maintain normal range • Controlled condition: variable • Stimulus: any factor that changes level of variable • Receptor: monitors variable & sends input to brain • Effectors: structures that help nullify effect • Negative feedback: feedback loop nullifies change that occurs • Positive feedback: feedback loop intensifies change

17. Exploring the Chemical Level • Atoms • Smallest unit of matter • Make up all living & nonliving things • Structure • Protons (+charge) • Neutrons (no charge) • Electrons (−charge) • Number: atomic # = # of protons

18. Exploring the Chemical Level (cont’d) • Elements • Groups to which atoms are assigned based on atomic # • Can’t be split into simpler substances by normal chemical means • 92 occur in nature • Isotopes • Atoms of the same element that have different #’s of neutrons • Referred to by mass #: combined # of protons & neutrons • Radioisotopes: isotopes that contain nuclei that spontaneously emit subatomic particles

19. Exploring the Chemical Level (cont’d) • Molecules and Compounds • Molecule: atoms held together by sharing electrons • Compound: a new substance formed when interacting atoms of different elements join together • Chemical Bonds • Ionic: atom loses or gains electron to another • Covalent: atoms share electrons • Hydrogen: hydrogen atom involved in polar covalent bond is attracted to another molecule

20. Exploring the Chemical Level (cont’d) • Chemical Reactions • Synthesis • Decomposition • Exchange • Reversible • Chemical Compounds • Inorganic • Water • Salts • Acids, bases, & pH • Organic • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids & ATP

21. Exploring the Cellular Level • A generalized animal cell, sectional view

22. Exploring the Cellular Level (cont’d) • Cell Membrane Transport • Passive: transport of substances across cell membrane without use of energy • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration • Carrier-mediated transport • Active: transport of substances across cell membrane using energy • Vesicular: substances enter (endocytosis) & exit (exocytosis) cell in vesicles

23. Exploring the Cellular Level (cont’d) • Cell Division: The Cell Life Cycle • Interphase • Division • Mitosis: chromosome separates into 2 identical nuclei • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Meiosis: daughter cells end up w. half the # of chromosomes

24. Exploring the Tissue Level • Epithelial Tissue • Functions • Covers surfaces exposed to environment (skin) • Lines internal passages & chambers • Forms glands • Exocrine • Endocrine • Types: # of cell layers • Simple: 1 layer of cells • Stratified: multiple layers • Types: cell shape • Squamous • Cuboidal • Transitional • Columnar

25. Exploring the Tissue Level (cont’d) • Connective Tissue • Functions • Framework • Transport • Protection • Storage • Sensors • Extracellular matrix • Ground substance • Fibers • Cells • Fibroblasts • Mesenchymal cells • Adipocytes • Macrophages • Microphages • Mast cells • Lymphocytes • Platelets

26. Exploring the Tissue Level (cont’d) • Connective Tissue • Common properties • Fluidity & thixotropy • Adhesion • Density of tissue • Loose • Dense • Types • Superficial & deep fascia • Bone • Cartilage • Blood • Membranes

27. Exploring the Tissue Level (cont’d) • Muscle Tissue • Skeletal • Attached to skeleton • Moves & stabilizes body • Cardiac • Forms heart wall • Pumps blood • Smooth • Found in organs & vessels

28. Exploring the Tissue Level (cont’d) • Nervous Tissue • Composed of neurons • Relays messages via electrochemical impulses • Structures • Brain • Spinal cord • Nerves

29. The Massage Connection • Effleurage, pétrissage, & tapotement • Affect fluid component of tissue by: • Increasing blood & lymph flow • Reducing edema • Friction • Effective in treating adherent connective tissue • Realigns collagen fibers during remodeling phase of healing • Skin rolling, friction, & myofascial trigger & direct fascial • Affect underlying connective tissue