Imperialism and Expansion

1. Imperialism and Expansion Chapter 12

2. Did You Know? (You do not have to write this one) Hawaii is the only state that was once an independent monarchy. Polynesian monarchs ruled the country from about 1800 to 1894

3. I. Building Support for Imperialism • A. Beginning in the 1800s, Americans wanted the US to become a world power. Change in attitude was a result of economic and military competition from other nations and a growing feeling of cultural superiority.

4. I. Building Support for Imperialism • B. Imperialism – economic and political domination of a strong nation over a weaker nation. – view held by many European nations in order to protect economic investments. Used military • C. Example - Protectorates

5. I. Building Support for Imperialism • D. Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to keep their economy strong. Social Darwinists argued that as nations compete, the strongest survive. Justified American expansion

6. I. Building Support For Imperialism • E. John Fiske, historian and writer, wrote about “Anglo Saxonism,” the idea that English speaking nations had superior Character, ideas, systems of government. • F. Josiah Strong linked missionary work to Anglo-Saxonism

7. II. Expansion in the Pacific • A. Americans expanded across the Pacific Ocean & toward East Asia looking for overseas markets; hoped to trade with China & Japan, but Japan only traded with the Dutch. • B. 1852 - Pres. Pierce sends Commodore Matthew Perry to negotiate trade with Japan – impressed by American military power. Trade opened.

8. II. Expansion in the Pacific • C. Late 1800s, a tariff raised the price of sugar from Hawaii – economic depression. US gains a naval base. New trade agreements boost economy. • D. McKinley Tariff causes Hawaiian economy to decline. • E. 1891 – US Planters supported by Marines force Queen Liliuokalani out of power. • F. US Annexes Hawaii as a territory.

9. III. Latin America • A. 1800s -0 US wanted to increase influence in Latin America by selling products there. Wanted Europeans to view America as economically dominant. • B. Sec. of State James Blaine led early efforts to expand American influence in Latin America. He proposed the idea that the US and Latin American work together – Pan Americanism

10. III. Latin America • C. 1889 – meeting in Washington DC to discuss creation of trade unions between Latin America and US. Unable to work it out. • D. Latin America agree to create the Commercial Bureau of American Republics to promote cooperation. Later became the Organization of American States (OAS)

11. IV. Building a Modern Navy • A. Americans were willing to risk war to defend interests overseas. This led to American support for a large modern navy. • B. Cpt. Alfred T. Mahan argued the US needed a strong navy to compete with Europe (Influence of Seapower Upon History). • C. Will become important when the US goes to war with Spain in 1898

12. Section 2The Spanish American War

13. I. The Coming of War • A. Cuba controlled by Spain. Provided wealth for Spain with sugarcane plantations. In 1868 Cuban rebels declared independence and began a guerrilla attack against Spanish authorities. After the attack failed, the Cuban rebels fled to the US to plan a new revolution. Increased American sympathy for Cuba.

14. I. The Coming of War • B. 1894 – US tariffs causes Cuban economy (sugar) to collapse. Led to a new rebellion in 1895. • C. America was neutral at the beginning. Yellow Journalism ran exaggerated stories that turned opinion. • D. Example: William Randolph Hearst (NY Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer (NY World)

15. I. Coming of War • E. Rebels attacked and destroyed American property, hoping for American intervention. • F. Spanish general Weyler served as governor. Began to move civilians to camps. Many died, led to American calls for intervention.

16. I. Coming of War • G. DeLome Letter – Spain’s US ambassador describes McKinley's administration as weak and working at popularity in a private letter. • i. Letter gets published in the New York Journal – Leads to further calls for war!

17. I. Coming of War • H. USS Maine – Feb. 1898 – US battleship sent to Havana to provide aid during the Rebellion (evacuate Americans). Explodes, killing 266 American sailors. Led to call for war! • No one knows what happened for sure, but at the time, most blamed Spain.

18. II. Two Front War • A. April 23, 1898, US blockades Cuba. • B. May – Commodore George Dewey destroys the Spanish fleet in Manila, Philippines. Occupied the Philippines and seized Guam • C. American soldiers untrained and ill-equiped. More Americans died in training than died in battle.

19. II. Two Front War • D. June 1898, American troops advanced toward Santiago Harbor (Cuba). Col. Leonard Wood & Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders stormed San Juan Hill. American victories. • E. Along with Rough Riders were the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry; ¼ Americans were black.

20. II. Two Front War • F. Spanish resistance ended with surrender of Santiago. Aug. 12, 1898, Spain and the US agreed to a cease-fire. • G. The war lasted 16 weeks. “Splendid Little War!”

21. III. Birth of American Empire • Define: Empire • A. Many Americans supported annexing Philippines because it would provide a naval base in Asia, a stop on the way to China, who would buy American products, and was a chance to educate “less civilized” peoples.

22. III. Birth of American Empire • B. Dec. 10, 1898, US and Spain signed Treaty of Paris. • 1. US gained Puerto Rico and Guam • 2. Cuba became independent • 3. US paid $20 million to Spain

23. III. Birth of American Empire • C. Philippines – Emilio Aguinaldo led revolution against American control. Responsibility for ended revolution was General Arthur MacArthur. • D. William Howard Taft was first civilian governor. Introduced reforms in education, transportation and health care. Lessoned hostility toward the Americans.

24. III. Birth of American Empire • E. Foraker Act – made Puerto Rico an “unincorporated territory.” Became citizens of the US in 1917; Could elect its own governor in 1947. Today debate continues over whether or not they will become a state or continue to be a protectorate.

25. III. Birth of American Empire • F. Platt Amendment – US sets up military government in Cuba after the war. 4 parts of the Platt Amendment • 1. Cuba could not make treaties • 2. Cuba had to allow naval bases (Guantanamo Bay) • 3. Cuba had to keep its debts low. • 4. US could intervene at any time. • G. Reluctantly accepted. Repealed in 1934.

26. Chapter 12, Section 3- Theodore Roosevelt’s rise to Power

27. I. Roosevelt • A. In the 1900 election, McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan. On Sept 6, 1901, McKinley was assassinated. VP Theodore Roosevelt becomes president (youngest!) • B. Wanted the US to become a world power

28. II. American Diplomacy in Asia • A. 1899 the US was a major power in Asia. Between 1895 and 1900, American exports quadrupled. • B 1894 – war broke out between China and Japan over Korea. Japan won – had adopted western technology.

29. II. American Diplomacy in Asia • C. Japan’s rising power worried Russia. Forced Japan to give back part of captured Manchuria to China, who then leased it to Russia. *Sphere of Influence. • D. McKinley and John Hay supported an Open Door policy – all countries should be able to trade with China.

30. II. Asia • E. Boxer Rebellion – secret Chinese society that wanted foreigners out! Killed 200 and took others prisoner. An international force stopped the rebellion in 1900. F. Meanwhile, TR wins the Nobel prize for his role in ending the war between Japan and Russia. G. Great White Fleet – 16 new battleships sailed around the world to show US power.

31. III. Caribbean • A. 1901 – Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – US and Great Britain = Gave US rights to build and control any proposed canal through Central America. Decide to build it through Panama. • B. US supports Panama in their war against Columbia for independence. • C. Construction of the Panama canal began.

34. USS New Jersey in the Canal

35. III. Caribbean • D. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: US would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the W. Hemisphere. First applied to the Dominican Republic.

36. III. Caribbean • E. Taft elected in 1908 – Believed that if American business leaders supported Latin American and Asian development, everyone would benefit – Dollar Diplomacy