Nationalism and Imperialism

1. Nationalism and Imperialism Dividing the World Mrs. QuimbyQuincy High SchoolSophomores

2. Focus Questions • Nationalism: • What factors might contribute to a desire for national unification? • How can a war or other conflict help unify a country? • How did the unifications of Germany and Italy impact the world stage? • Imperialism: • What was the driving force behind the “Scramble for Africa”? • What impacts (positive or negative) did British imperialism have on colonized countries? • Is imperialism positive or negative, overall? Make sure you can give examples… These questions will appear later - as essay prompts or on a quiz or test! Make sure you take them down and know how to answer them.

3. What is Nationalism? Nationalism is support of one’s country - national pride, patriotism etc - regardless of who is running it. • We last talked about Nationalism during our Napoleon unit. What does Nationalism mean? • How did Napoleon’s conquering of Europe lead to a rise in European nationalism? • Following the fall of Napoleon, there were several changes to Europe, designed by the old coalition powers. After being taken over by a foreign (French) ruler, the conquered countries began to see themselves as whole units - as nations, many for the first time. Coalition powers: Austria, Prussia, Britain, Russia

4. Congress of Vienna -> The Congress of Vienna met from September 1814-June 1815. • The purposes of the Congress were simple: -> To put Europe back together after Napoleon had been removed -> To ensure that no European power could become powerful enough to conquer the continent again. • The Coalition Powers were in charge of the proceedings. • Other countries were involved to ensure that everything remained fair for the less powerful players. These included France, Spain, Portugal, Sweden and Norway.

5. Congress of Vienna • There were many different treaties during the Congress. However, they were summarized into the Final Act -> The Final Act said: -> Russia gets control of Warsaw (Poland) and Finland -> Prussia is given some Germanic land including the Rhineland and Danzig -> A German Confederation is created from 38 separate German-speaking states. This land is technically Austrian and Prussian, but now they are linked together. • This later becomes modern Germany. -> All monarchs are restored to their thrones. There were many other aspects of the Congress of Vienna, but these are most important to the development of Nationalism.

6. Congress of Vienna

7. Metternich System • During the Congress of Vienna, the world leaders followed the Metternich System • The Metternich System was designed to make sure that something like the French Revolution could never happen again. -> The Metternich System was put in place to make Europe a continent of absolute monarchies again. Absolute Monarchy - when a king or queen has complete (absolute) power over a country.

8. Klemens von Metternich • Metternich was a diplomat and a politician. • Born in Austria but of German background. • He has a varied political career… • Arranged Napoleon’s first marriage • Later led the Austrian portion of the Coalition to remove Napoleon from power. • Led the Austrian points during the Congress of Vienna. • Created the Metternich System (more on this later) • Was given the title of “Prince” recognizing his services to Austria.

9. The Metternich System in Action In 1819, discontent flared up with some German college students. Metternich called on the leaders of the area to place students and faculty under strict watch, censoring newspapers, limiting speech, and authorizing agents to search for “revolutionary activities”. Metternich System -> The Metternich System was designed to preventrebellions before they happened. • This meant that government agents would keep an eye on discontented people, and stop anything that sounded like it might lead to revolution. Does the Metternich System remind you of any other period of history we’ve talked about?

10. Metternich System - Pushback • As repression from the Metternich System increased, people began pushing back. • Underground movements sprang up in several countries. Most were crushed quickly and violently. SPAIN Revolutionaries force the Spanish King (Ferdinand VII) to restore the constitution he had abolished. This scared the other national leaders. They sent a French army to Spain to crush the revolutionaries and restore Ferdinand. KINGDOM OF THE TWO SICILIES (Italy)Revolutionaries force the Sicilian ruler to create a constitution. An Austrian army is mustered to put down this revolt.

11. Metternich System - Greece -> 1821 - Greece • At this point in history, Greece was being occupied by Ottoman Turks. • The Greeks rebelled against the Turks. -> The Greeks asked other European powers for aid, but, fearing a rise of nationalism, and the success of a rebellion, no country offered help. Why didn’t countries want to get involved in the Greek conflict? The Ottoman Turks were not a European power - they were Middle Eastern. Most people in Europe wanted to support the “European” Greeks in their fight for independence. HOWEVER - the Metternich System said that no other country could help with a rebellion. They did not want Greece to set an example for other countries.

12. Metternich System - Failure • Even though no country could help the Greek rebels, several individuals sent aid to Greece. -> Ultimately, the pressure was too much, and other European countries had to intervene. Russia, Britain, and France all sent troops to help. -> Treaty of Adrianople 1829 Greece is now independent from Turkey. Why is this Significant? This is the first failure of the Metternich System. It shows the system isn’t perfect, and that revolutions can be successful and permanent. Nationalism cannot be suppressed forever.

13. Metternich System – Pros/Cons • Positive or Negative? • The Metternich System is now both praised and criticized. • PROS -> Prevented any major wars in Europe from about 1815-1914 (this statement excludes many revolutionary attempts, however, which we will touch on later). • Prevented an early World War. • CONS -> The Metternich System is seen as oppressive - censoring press and speech, and generally preventing any negative action against the monarchies of Europe. • Led to the repression of many rebellions, where people were seeking more representative governments.

14. Critical Thinking- Quiz Grade In the next few minutes, answer the following questions. These are some of the key points we discussed this class! 1. Define nationalism in your own words. 2. How did the French Revolution lead to a rise in nationalism in European countries? 3. What were the purposes of the Congress of Vienna? 4. Why was the Metternich System created? 5. What were some of the repercussions of the Metternich System? 6. What was one big failure of the Metternich System? Why was it a failure?

15. Unifications • In the 1800s, when many countries were beginning to industrialize, growing nationalism also led to political change in Europe. • Drives to unify people, and to solidify countries, started to change the continent. -> There were two main unifications that we will discuss - Italy and Germany. Germany and Italy in Pop CultureFollowing their unifications, Italy and Germany eventually become allies. This alliance has become the topic of a series of cartoons.

16. Italy Background -> After the fall of the Roman empire, Italy was no longer unified. • It was made up of a bunch of small city-states and kingdoms. • Other countries, including Austria and Prussia, tried to conquer Italy. • Napoleon (France) eventually successfully conquered Italy. -> After Napoleon is removed from power, theCongress of Vienna restored the old city states, and the old monarchs.

17. Early Attempts to Unify -> Risorgimento - The Italian nationalistic movement. Italian for “resurgence”. Nationalists could not support their cause openly, and so formed secret societies. -> Giuseppe Mazzini was a member of one of these societies. • Mazzini was arrested several times, and also exiled for his revolutionary activities, but nothing stopped him. -> In 1831, Mazzini started a movement called the Young Italy Movement. Why did the societies have to be secret?

18. Early Attempts to Unify -> Young Italy Movement - 1831 • Mazzini called for all Italian patriots to join the Young Italy Movement. -> This was the first democratic movement open to all classes. It wasn’t just the bourgeoisie, it was anyone interested in democracy. -> The Young Italy Movement insisted that “neither Pope nor King” but rather a republic should rule Italy.

19. Early Attempts to Unify -> Rebellions - 1848 and 1849 -> In 1848, liberal rebels led revolts in several of the Italian city states. • They overthrew Austrian rule in Lombardy and Venetia, and forced the rulers of Sardinia, the Two Sicilies, and Tuscany to grant constitutions to their subjects. Why is a constitution important to developing a unified country? -> A constitution is often the first step to a more fair, and more democratic or republican government - it ensures that a monarch is limited by a set of laws, and that citizens know their rights.

20. Early Attempts to Unify • Revolutionaries seized Rome in 1849 and set up a republic. Mazzini helped govern the new republic. -> However, all but one of these early revolutionary movements failed. Austria regained its holdings in Italy. Mazzini lost control of Rome. -> Only Sardinia remained an independent state.

21. Early Attempts to Unify • After these failures, there were a lot of issues with the revolutionary movements. -> Liberals continued their efforts with little success. Their movement began to fall apart. -> Many Catholic clergy members wanted a united Italy headed by the pope, and didn’t agree with the liberals attempt for a republic. SUCCESS IN SARDINIAThe only place that managed to gain its independence was the Kingdom of Sardinia. The liberal rebels managed to get their voices heard.

22. The King of Sardinia -> Sardinia was ruled by a King, (Victor Emmanuel II), however, he was supported by a democratic parliament. • King Victor was not sympathetic to the liberal rebels, however, he wanted to keep his kingdom happy and together. -> King Victor also saw an opportunity to expand Sardinian territory into Italy, by making Sardinia the basis of unification.

23. Cavour in Sardinia Even though King Victor was not liberal, his chief minister Camillo Benso di Cavour was liberal. Cavour supported the goals of the liberals. • Even though Victor was king of Sardinia, Cavour was the real power in the kingdom. -> It was Cavour who governed the kingdom of Sardinia. • Cavour was well-educated, and an aristocrat. • He edited a nationalist newspaper Il Risorgimento (resurgence) and published his theories on Italian unification. • -> By 1852, Cavour was premier (Prime Minister) of Sardinia.

24. Cavour in Sardinia INDUSTRIALIZING ITALY • Cavour reorganized and strengthened Sardinia’s army • He established banks • He built railroads, factories, and encouraged ship-building • He negotiated treaties with other countries. This was two-fold, it increased trade, and also made other countries recognize Sardinia’s independence. • Cavour hated absolutism and absolute monarchies. He preferred parliamentary government. • England had a Queen (Victoria) but also a parliament. Cavour thought this was the ideal government. -> Cavour wanted Italy to be unified, and industrialized, again, like England.

25. The Crimean War -> In the 1850s, Russia and France both claimed jurisdiction over holy land in what is now Palestine. • > Russia thought it was its responsibility to protect Eastern Orthodox people from the Turks. • > France thought it was its responsibility to protect the Catholics. • The Ottoman Turks gave more freedoms to the Catholics than to the Orthodox Christians. • > This led Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire. Britain, France, and Sardinia supported the Ottoman Turks. SARDINIA • Cavour allied with France and Great Britain during the Crimean War. • Sardinia’s alliance with these two big powers helped them recognize that it was a legitimate power.

26. The Crimean War -> The Crimean War is now called “The Most Unnecessary War in History”. • It took two years for Russia to be defeated. -> However, there were huge losses on both sides, and ultimately no gain for either side. The Lady with the Lamp • Despite the negatives of the Crimean War, there were two positive outcomes. • The use of modern field hospitals to care for wounded soldiers. • Florence Nightingale (The Lady with the Lamp) established professional nursing.

27. Cavour and Austria -> Austria was still controlling some of the Italian city states. • Cavour saw Austria as the biggest obstacle in helping Italy unify as a whole country. • Cavour needed backup. Cavour and France -> Cavour contacted Napoleon III of France and asked him for France’s support. -> Napoleon III thought that, if he helped push Austria out of the Italian land it controlled, HE could rule over Italy. -> Cavour thought that, with Austria out of Italy, other Italian states would quickly join Sardinia and unify.

28. Cavour and Austria • Napoleon III of France thought he could gain control of a weak Italy. -> Cavour planned to have France help drive Austrian forces out of Italy, and then have Italy unify behind Sardinia. Then they would have an alliance against Austria and against France. Napoleon III of France • Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. • Like his uncle, he was first elected president and then led a coup d’etat and became Emperor. -> However, he did not try to expandFrance, so the other countries left France alone, and allowed Napoleon III to remain Emperor.

29. War with Austria -> At first, the war went really well for Cavour and Napoleon III. • Combined French and Sardinian forces quickly drove the Austrians out of Lombardy, and marched on to Venetia. • Italian nationalist and patriots in Tuscany, Modena, and Parma overthrew their Austrian rulers and asked to be annexed to Sardinia. The Deal -> Napoleon III would help Cavour drive Austria out of Italian city states. (Lombardy, Parma, Venetia) -> In return, Napoleon III would get Austrian possessions Nice and Savoy (French-speaking, French-cultured) Annexed = added

30. War with Austria • Napoleon III wasn’t expecting the Italian city states to unify so quickly. -> He was worried that Austria would want to get its territory back, and that it might ask for help from Prussia (its ally). -> Napoleon III decided to back out of his deal with Cavour and Sardinia. -> Napoleon III made a secret treaty with Austria. • This treaty said that Sardinia would keep Lombardy, but would return everything else to Austria. • It also said Sardinia would still give Nice and Savoy to France. This isn’t fair to Sardinia and Cavour. They only got half of what they asked for, and had to “pay” full price.

31. War with Austria • Sardinia was afraid that they would lose even this partial victory, and so they agreed to France’s terms. • The Italian people, however, refused to abandon the idea of unity. -> There were rebellions in Parma, Modena and Tuscany again which expelled the Austrian rulers and set up temporary governments. -> All of these city states wereoverwhelmingly in favor of joining Sardinia and creating a unified Italy.

32. Garibaldi and the Thousand -> Giuseppe Garibaldi was born in Nice, and, when in his 20s, originally joined Mazzini’s Young Italy movement. • Garibaldi led a revolt - when it failed, he ran to Latin America. -> He would later return to Italy, and after leading another failed attempt, flee to the US and Peru. • Finally, Cavour arranged to have Garibaldi brought back to Italy.

33. Garibaldi and the Thousand Members of Garibaldi’s army were called “Red Shirts” because of their colorful uniforms. -> With Cavour’s support,Garibaldi recruited an army of 1,100 soldiers. • Cavour saw how popular Garibaldi was, and decided that together they could unify Italy. -> The plan was to have Garibaldi’s Red Shirts move through Italy and take over the other city states. • The city states would then unify as one Italy. -> Victor Emmanuel II would be king of Italy, Cavour would be prime minister, and Garibaldi would be a war hero.

34. Garibaldi and the Thousand -> In the spring of 1860,Garibaldi and his Expedition of the Thousand started attempting to unify Italy. • They started in the South. First, they took the island of Sicily, then moved to the other half of the Kingdom of the two Sicilies. • They then seized Naples. • The plan was to continue North. -> Cavour, however, was worried that Garibaldi would get too powerful, and that he might take over the newly-united Italy.

35. Garibaldi and the Thousand ITALY IS UNIFIED Fall of 1860 • Kingdom of Italy is established • Victor Emmanuel II is King. • Votes (plebiscites) were held everywhere in Italy. People voted overwhelmingly to unify under Sardinia. • Cavour sent an army from Sardinian land in the North to meet with Garibaldi’s, and to stop Garibaldi from getting any more land. • Sardinia was now in control of most of Northern Italy. • Cavour and Garibaldi met in Naples, to discuss what to do. -> They agreed that Italy would be unified under Victor Emmanuel II. -> Garibaldi asked to be governor of Naples, but Cavour said no he was worried that Garibaldi was too popular, and might try to take more power.

36. Garibaldi and the Thousand

37. Problems with a United Italy • Italy still had significant problems. -> Many parts of the country were divided culturally, especially between the industrialized North and the agricultural South. • Modernization was slow, because the country was so newly put together. • Few Italians had political experience, and so much was trial-and-error. -> By 1912, Italy was geographically unified, but still politically unstable.

38. Do Now • What is the Young Italy Movement? • Neither pope nor king would rule Italy. Open to all classes. Democratic. 2. What role did Mazzini play in these attempts for unification? Started the young Italy movement 3. How did Cavour help to industrialize Italy? What did he do? Made railroads, factories, banks, stronger army. Drove Austria out of Italy 4. What are two positive impacts of the Crimean War? Modern nursing, field hospitals 5. Who did Cavour ally with to push Austria out of Italy? Napoleon III (France)

39. Quiz Time! • You have 30 minutes to do the quiz. • There are 16 questions. • You may use your notes. • BUT… • No Talking! • No Phones! • No Ipods! • No Textbooks!

40. Germany -> By the mid 1800s, Germany was still pretty much a patchwork of relatively independent states. • What meeting created the German Confederation? -> In the late 1800s, Prussia led the fight for unification of the German states. Congress of Vienna Why Prussia? For centuries, Prussia and Austria had been competing for control of the German-speaking states. However, Prussia was culturally and traditionally more “German”. Unification of Germany, under Prussia, made sense!

41. Control of Germany • Austria was run by the Hapsburg family. • Technically, the Hapsburgs, as Holy Roman Emperors had control of all the German states. • -> Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. • -> It was not restored by the Congress of Vienna. • -> The German states now had their chance to unify under Prussia. Prussia and Napoleon • Under Napoleon’s rule, Prussia was limited. • They were only allowed to have a small army. -> After joining the Coalition Powers, and defeating Napoleon, Prussia re- gained its independence. -> German nationalismfavored Prussia. -> Prussia was German- speaking, and had a common culture with the German states.

42. The Zollverein Junkers (say Yoon-kurz) Aristocratic landowners who thought the tariffs (taxes) were too high, and were hurting their sales. They persuaded the King of Prussia to abolish tariffs in his territory. -> The first steps towards German unification dealt with theeconomy. • There were huge taxes when goods were transported across the borders of the German states. -> The Junkers helped get these tariffs removed. -> This resulted in a Customs Union called the Zollverein. • Thanks to the Zollverein, it was now very easy to trade between the German States. -> The Zollverein also led to… -> Same currency in all German states -> Standard weights and measures -> Protection from foreign traders -> Encouragement to trade within the German states. What are unions? Groups of workers who protect each other, and work for each others’ benefit.

43. The Zollverein • Thanks to the Zollverein, it was now very easy to trade between the German States. -> The Zollverein also led to… -> Same currency in all German states -> Standard weights and measures -> Protection from foreign traders -> Encouragement to trade within the German states. • A lot of things were becoming standard across the German states. The German economy was moving toward unification.

44. Otto von Bismarck -> Otto von Bismarck was a conservative Junker politician. • He built the Prussian army into a powerful war machine. -> He saw that German unification was going to happen, eventually, andwanted Prussia to control the future German country. -> He thought this would be through battle - not throughpolitics. • Bismarck had a lot of support from the King of Prussia - William I

45. Otto von Bismarck Bismarck’s Wars: The Danish War The Seven Weeks’ War The Franco-Prussian War -> Bismarck was not a fan ofdemocracy, and often ignored the rules set by Prussian parliament. • He wanted to raise money for the army. Parliament wouldn’t allow it, so Bismarck simply instated a tax anyway. • Bismarck had a plan to unify the German states - through war. -> Bismarck would wage threewars, all with different goals, in order to make sure that Prussiawas on top when Germany unified.

46. Bismarck’s Wars • > There were two small duchies (Schleswig and Holstein) on the border of Denmark and the German states.- When Denmark made a new constitution for these states, there was a war between Prussia and Denmark.-> An eventual peace treaty gave the two duchies to Austria and Prussia. Austria got Holstein. Schleswig was added to Prussia. • The Danish War - 1863, 64 • Bismarck’s leadership during this war helped add territory to Prussia. • It also helped define what country controlled what territories - drawing the line between Austria and Prussia.

47. Bismarck’s Wars • Bismarck wanted to confront Austria.-> He was smart. He made a series of treaties to make sure that no one would bother him if war broke out.-> Bismarck hinted that he would give Napoleon III (France) some territory on the Rhine river. -> He also agreed to give Austrian-controlled Venetia to the new Italy, in return for Italy’s support. • The Seven Weeks’ War -> Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia. • Austria was taken by surprise. The Prussian army was extremely well trained, thanks to preparing against Napoleon. -> Nearly every male in Prussia had at least 3 years of military training.

48. Bismarck’s Wars • > Prussia defeated Austria in only 7 weeks - completely crushing them. • > The Treaty of Prague ended the Seven Weeks’ War. It dissolved the German Confederation. • The Seven Weeks’ War - 1866 -> Prussia got: Holstein. -> Italy got: Venetia -> Several north-German states joined Prussia in a new North-German Confederation. -> Only three southern states were not a part of Prussia’s control.

49. Bismarck’s Wars • > Bismarck thought the best way to get the rest of the German states to join him was to unite against a common enemy. • Bismarck then went to provoke a war with France. • The Franco-Prussian War - 1870 • Napoleon III thought he had been cheated during the Seven Weeks’ War. • Napoleon III (France) met with William I (Prussian King) to discuss what to do. They met at a place called Ems.

50. Bismarck’s Wars The Ems Telegram.Bismarck received a telegram telling him what had happened at Ems. He edited the message to make it look like the French had tried to humiliate the Prussian King, and that William I had insulted the French ambassador. • This provoked WAR. • The Prussian army, led by Bismarck, won the war in only a few months. -> France was humiliatingly defeated. Germany is now UNIFIED - 1871- France was occupied by German troops- The remaining German states joined with Prussia