What is a Mutation?

1. What is a Mutation?

2. Mutation: change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information.

3. Understanding Level mutation: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

4. Frameshift Mutation– mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting of deleting a nucleotide.

5. Understanding Level Frameshift mutation: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

6. Point Mutation– mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another.

7. Understanding Level Point mutation: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

8. Chromosomal Mutation • – involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. • – Below are examples of Chromosomal Mutations. • Deletion Mutation • Insertion Mutation • Inversion Mutation • Translocation Mutation

9. Understanding Level Chromosomal mutation: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

10. Deletion Mutation– involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome.

11. Understanding Level Deletion mutation: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

12. Insertion Mutation– addition of DNA bases.

13. Understanding Level Insertion mutation: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

14. Inversion Mutation– reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.

15. Understanding Level Inversion mutation: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

16. Translocation Mutation– occur when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.

17. Understanding Level Translocation mutation: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

18. Phenotype– physical characteristics of an organism.

19. Understanding Level phenotype: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

20. Nucleotide– monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

21. Understanding Level nucleotide: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

22. Polyploidy– condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.

23. Understanding Level Polyploidy: 1 2 3 4 • (define in your own words) • Draw your picture:

24. Mutate a Sentence Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat.

25. Mutate a Sentence GENE – NUCLEOTIDE BASE - CODON The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat. The sentence represents a gene. Each letter corresponds to a nucleotide base, and each word represents a codon.

26. Mutate a Sentence: Frameshift The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat. Frameshift T hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg eth ish at. or Th esu nwa sho tbu tth eol dma ndi dno tge thi sha t.

27. Mutate a Sentence: Deletion The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat. Deletion Mutate the reading frame of this sentence by deleting letters within the sentence.

28. Mutate a Sentence: Insertion The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat. Insertion Mutate the reading frame of this sentence by inserting letters within the sentence.

29. Which of these best explains how mutation can be beneficial to an organism? Apr'06 11th -7 A. Phenotypic change may create an advantage over other organisms. B. Recombined genetic material improves genotype stability. C. Mitosis becomes a favored means of reproduction. D. Deoxyribose sugars develop into additional nucleotides.

30. A

31. Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder resulting from a mutation that leads to the production of an abnormal protein. Which component of the DNA molecule provides instructions for the production of the protein? Apr'06 11th -31 A. The phosphate groups B. The sugar molecules C. The sequence of nitrogen bases D. The bonds that hold the sugars to the bases

32. C

33. A deletion of a DNA base from a gene affects an organism by _____. Jul'06 11th -32 A. causing future gametes to have additional chromosomes B. changing the sequence of amino acids in a protein C. causing chromosome fragments to form long chains D. changing the structure of ribose sugar in nucleic acids

34. B

35. Which of the following is a change that could be passed on to an organism’s offspring? Jul'06 11th -52 A. Damage to the DNA of gamete cells B. Damage to skin cells from exposure to sunlight C. Damage to DNA in the cytoplasm of cheek cells D. Damage to hair pigment cells with permanent dyes

36. A

37. The diagram shows three generations of cells produced by a single cell through mitosis. In the process, a single mutation occurred at the point indicated. The mutation caused changes within a dominant allele. How many of the 15 cells contain the mutation?Apr'06 10th -20 A. 5 B. 7 C. 14 D. 15

38. B

39. If one nucleotide is omitted or accidentally repeated in the process of DNA duplication, which of the following is most likely to occur? Jul'06 11th -10 A. Gene deletion B. Gene mutation C. Gene insertion D. Gene segregation

40. B

41. This illustration is an example of a normal DNA sequence. Which of the following represents a single base change in the sequence? Apr'06 10th -39 A. B. C. D.

42. D

43. The model shows a demonstration a student prepared using black and white marbles to show how populations of organisms can change. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated by this demonstration? Feb'06 11th -30 A. Evolution of a predatory species B. Genetic drift accompanying natural selection C. Environmentally induced genetic mutations D. Immunity from virulent microorganisms

44. B