Africa and the Middle East After WWI

1. World History: 1750 - Present Africa and the Middle East After WWI

2. Africa and the Middle East After WWI Africa

3. During the early 1900s, almost every part of Africa was a European colony During World War I (1914-1918), more than 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonial rulers Africa

4. Many Africans thought their services in WWI would lead to their independence, but it did not Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule Africa

5. The best jobs still went to Europeans Due to the inequality of the imperial system, led by capitalist countries, many Africans turned to socialism Africa

6. Many laws were passed to ensure white supremacy Whites, by law, were paid more Africa

7. Some blacks were forced off their land and forced to live on reservations In South Africa, like in Kenya, blacks had to carry passes at all times Africa

8. Blacks were not allowed to be in the streets after dark in parts of South Africa In one province in South Africa, black land owners had the right to vote. The right was taken away in 1936 Africa

9. Segregation was commonplace These policies would become even stricter and enforced greatly in 1948, during apartheid Africa

10. Actual sign from Durban, South Africa taken in 1989

11. Pan-Africanism became popular It emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide One of the most prominent leaders of the movement was Marcus Garvey Africa

12. Garvey preached “Africa for Africans” Garvey also demanded the end of colonial rule Africa

13. W.E.B. DuBois organized the first Pan-African Congress in 1919 The conference took place in Paris, where the Allies were holding the WWI peace conferences Africa

14. Delegates from African colonies, the West Indies, and the United States called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans Their demands were ignored Africa

15. French-speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean began the negritude movement Writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested French colonial rule The writers were influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in the United States Africa

16. Egyptians held protests, strikes, and riots after WWI In 1922, Britain was forced to grant Egypt its independence Britain still had a large influence of the Egyptian monarchy Africa

17. Displeased, many young Egyptians formed the Muslim Brotherhood The organization fostered Islamic nationalism and rejected Western culture Africa

18. Africa and the Middle East After WWI Middle East

19. The Middle East grew in prominence after WWI The vehicles of WWI proved that gasoline was the fuel of the future and the Middle East had an abundant supply Middle East

20. The Ottoman Empire was dissolved after WWI The Ottoman sultan also gave some land to Greece after WWI Middle East

21. Turkish nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal, overthrew the Ottoman sultan and declared Turkey a republic Kemal defeated the Greeks and negotiated a treaty in which 1.3 million Greeks left Turkey and 400,000 Turks left Greece Middle East

22. Kemal then took the name Ataturk (father of the Turks) Ataturk moved to westernize Turkey and separate religion from government Middle East

23. Many Turks praised Ataturk for the growth of their country Islamic hardliners resented his rejection of religion in laws and government Middle East

24. In Persia, Britain and Russia had controlled the shah since the early 20th Century Reza Khan led nationalists in an overthrow of the shah Middle East

25. Reza Khan modernized Persia Like Ataturk, Khan also removed Islamic law from the government He was condemned by Muslim religious leaders Middle East

26. Arabs were outraged by the European-controlled mandates set up at the Paris Peace Conference Arabs thought they would get the right to self-rule Middle East

27. Instead, France was given mandates in Syria and Lebanon Britain was given mandates in Iraq, Iraq, and Trans-Jordan Middle East

28. During WWI, The Allies made two sets of conflicting promises First, they promised Arabs they would get their own kingdoms, including Palestine Middle East

29. The second occurred in 1917 when the British announced the Balfour Declaration In it, the British advocated the idea of setting up a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine Middle East

30. From 1919 to 1940, tens of thousands of Jews immigrated to Palestine At the same time, the Arab population almost doubled Middle East

31. Tensions between Jews and Arabs grew To this day, Arabs and Jews are fighting over this territory Middle East