African Americans in US History: Civil Rights Movement

1. African Americans in US History:Civil Rights Movement

2. Crispus Attucks • Nat Turner • Denmark Vessey • Abolitionists • North Star • Slave Codes • Reconstruction • Fredrick Douglas • Harriet Tubman • Sojourner Truth • 13th Amendment- Abolishes Slavery • 14th Amendment- guarantees equal treatment under the law, citizenship for people born in • 15th Amendment- Voting Rights for Black • Black Codes • Jim Crow • Booker T. Washington • Tuskegee Institute • Plessey v. Fergusson-1896 Separate but equal ok • W.E.B. DuBois • “The Talented 10th” • NAACP • Harry Truman, first president to stand up and support Civil Rights for blacks • Desegregation of Military 1948 (Truman) • Thurgood Marshall (NAACP lawyer and later first African-American Supreme Court Justice appointed by LBJ) • 1954 Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka) overturns Plessey v. Ferguson • Rosa Parks • 1955 Montgomery, Alabama- Bus Boycott • Martin Luther King Jr. • Little Rock, Arkansas; Central High School (desegregation) (Eisenhower) • SCLC= Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Greensboro, Alabama Sit Ins 1960 • SNCC= Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • CORE: Congress of Racial Equality • Freedom Rides (1961) • 1963 Birmingham Protests (Dogs and Fire Hoses 1963) (Sheriff Bull Connor) • George Wallace Governor of Alabama, racist and segregationists… • Medgar Evers (NAACP activist murdered in Mississippi) • March on Washington 1963, “I have a dream” • LBJ role in Civil Rights • 1964 Civil Rights Act- Outlaws segregation • Selma, Alabama 1965 Protest • 1965 Voting Rights Act • 24th Amendment- Abolishes Poll Tax • Marcus Garvey • Malcolm X • Nation of Islam • Black Urban Life = 1960’s riots • Black Panthers • Stockley Carmichael • Huey Newton • Jesse Jackson

3. Colonial • First slaves brought from Caribbean/Africa • 1609 to James Town • Slavery grows slowly 1600s and rapidly by end of 1700s

4. Slave Rebellions StonoRebellion 1st Slave Rebellion in Colonial America South Carolina 1739 Denmark Vessey Another Slave Rebellion 1822 Nat Turner Another most bloody Slave Rebellion VA 1831 Gabriel Prosser 1800 Slave Rebellion VA

5. Abolitionists Fredrick Douglas Former Slave/AA Leader 19th Century Published “North Star” 1850-1900 Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad 1850s Sojourner Truth Former Slave Women’s Rights Advocate

6. Civil War Emancipation Proclamation 1863 Huge step toward ending slavery Proclaims slaves in rebellious states are thereby free. The Civil War is now about slavery 54th Massachusetts Blacks serve in military

7. Amendments from Civil War 14th Amendment Equal Treatment under law Due process Citizenship for former Slaves 15th Amendment Voting rights for former Slaves 13th Amendment Slavery is Abolished

8. Reconstruction Federal Government is in the South Protecting rights of former slaves Freedmen’s Bureau Offers help to former Slaves Education/help with work contracts Food/clothing/medical care First AA officials are elected to State offices Elected to House of Reps Elected to Senate

9. End of Reconstruction White Supremacy Governments returned to power in the South Compromise of 1877 Accusations of election fraud in Southern States Republicans and Democrats make an agreement. Republicans win the election and withdrawal troops from the South. Southern White Supremacists take over. Known as Redeemer Governments Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws Create segregation and discrimination in law. Blacks are prevented from voting all through the South.

10. Issues in New South for AA Klu Klux Klan (KKK ) White-Supremacist secret society Terrorize Blacks in South to discourages Blacks from asserting rights to vote and have equal treatment Use violence and intimidation to punish Blacks who try to register to vote. They enforce strict social codes of conduct that demanded blacks conduct themselves with deference/subordination to whites in public Lynching Very common form public murder of accused criminals. Extrajudicial, no fair trials Mobs torture and murder mostly blacks

11. Ida B. Wells Researched the violent attacks and lynching against Blacks in the South The Red Record Wells’ book documenting violence in the South

14. Civil Rights Progress in Eisenhower Administration • Conditions were ready for change • Returning veterans • Black Urban Middle Class grows • Educated black leaders • Support the beginning of change

15. Desegregation of the Schools Brown v. Board of Education (1954) (web site) • Civil Rights attorneys wanted to end segregation in the schools • Supreme Court ruled in 1896= Plessy v. Fergesun that segregation was constitutional if equal (Brown Case overturns Plessy) • Schools were clearly unequal (money per pupil and conditions) • Thurgood Marshall- the lead attorney attacked the concept of “Separate but equal” • Worked for NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (created by W. E. B. Dubois 1909) • Case was Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas • Marshall argued “Segregation saddled blacks with permanent sense of inferiority.” Caused ambition and self esteem to drop

16. Marshall • Thurgood Marshall • Will later be appointed • First African American to • Supreme Court 1967 President Johnson nominated Marshall for Supreme Court Justice

17. Warren Court • Earl Warren- moderate Republican Supreme Court Chief Justice • Appointed by Eisenhower (Eisenhower later regrets this appointment) • “We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine of “Separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” • Ordered the states to create public school systems free of racial discrimination with “All deliberate speed.”

18. Central High, Little Rock Arkansas • Court order in Little Rock • Central High must be integrated • Governor Orval Faubus tried to prevent- citing public safety • Angry white mobs try to prevent integration- some of the worst racial hatred displayed • Eisenhower dispatches 101st Air Born to protect African American students

19. 1955 Montgomery Bus BoycottAlabama • Everything was segregated in Alabama including buses • Rosa Parks, a trained member of the NAACP, was on a bus and refused to move back and give up her seat to a white man. • Action caused her arrest and a spontaneous boycott movement of the bus company • Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent leader in the Montgomery community, and takes the lead in the city bus boycott. • Protested inequality of treatment and injustice with Non-Violent Resistance and Civil Disobedience • SCLC

20. MLK and Boycott • Boycott lasts 13 months • 1956 Supreme court ruled that segregation of busses was unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment (Civil Rights) • Through the boycott: • MLK was Arrested, his house was bombed • The leading African American Civil Rights group emerges: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) MLK president 1957

21. Images of Montgomery

22. 1960 Greensboro, North Carolina • Students in North Carolina • Stage a massive Sit in- at Woolworth Department store lunch counter in a effort to integrate this private establishment • Student activists create Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Similar protests developed throughout the south.

23. Civil Rights Bill 1957 • 1957 • Congress Passed 1st Civil Rights Bill since reconstruction • Created Civil Rights Commission and Civil and Rights Division of Justice Department • Focus was voting rights

24. Bombing of the