The Cold War Begins, 1945–1952

1. Chapter 36 The Cold War Begins, 1945–1952

2. Question All of the following were true of the Taft-Hartley Act EXCEPT • Republicans passed it over President Truman’s veto. • it required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath. • it mandated the “closed” (all-union) shop. • it made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves.

3. Answer All of the following were true of the Taft-Hartley Act EXCEPT • Republicans passed it over President Truman’s veto. • it required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath. • it mandated the “closed” (all-union) shop. (correct) • it made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves. Hint: See pages 910–911.

4. Question All of the following were true of Operation Dixie EXCEPT • the CIO aimed at unionizing southern textile workers and steelworkers. • it failed miserably in 1948 to overcome lingering fears of racial mixing. • service sector workers proved harder to organize than assembly-line workers who, in the 1930s, poured into the auto and steel unions. • union membership continued to climb well into the 1980s.

5. Answer All of the following were true of Operation Dixie EXCEPT • the CIO aimed at unionizing southern textile workers and steelworkers. • it failed miserably in 1948 to overcome lingering fears of racial mixing. • service sector workers proved harder to organize than assembly-line workers who, in the 1930s, poured into the auto and steel unions. • union membership continued to climb well into the 1980s. (correct) Hint: See page 911.

6. Question The Employment Act of 1946 made it government policy • “to allow the private sector to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.” • “to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.” • “to provide government-sponsored employment, production, and purchasing power.” • “to reject government-sponsored employment, production, and purchasing power.”

7. Answer The Employment Act of 1946 made it government policy • “to allow the private sector to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.” • “to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power.” (correct) • “to provide government-sponsored employment, production, and purchasing power.” • “to reject government-sponsored employment, production, and purchasing power.” Hint: See page 911.

8. Question All of the following were true of the GI Bill EXCEPT • it was enacted partly out of fear that the employment markets would never be able to absorb 15 million returning veterans at war’s end. • it made generous provisions for sending the former soldiers to school. • in the postwar decade, some 8 million veterans advanced their education at Uncle Sam’s expense. • the majority of veterans attended colleges and universities.

9. Answer All of the following were true of the GI Bill EXCEPT • it was enacted partly out of fear that the employment markets would never be able to absorb 15 million returning veterans at war’s end. • it made generous provisions for sending the former soldiers to school. • in the postwar decade, some 8 million veterans advanced their education at Uncle Sam’s expense. • the majority of veterans attended colleges and universities. (correct) Hint: See page 911.

10. Question All of the following were true of Levittown EXCEPT • its builders revolutionized the techniques of home construction. • specialized crews worked from standardized plans to erect hundreds or even thousands of dwellings in a single project. • crews raised factory-assembled framing modules, put on roofs, strung wires, installed plumbing, and finished the walls in record time and with cost-cutting efficiency. • architects praised the aesthetic monotony of suburban “developments.”

11. Answer All of the following were true of Levittown EXCEPT • its builders revolutionized the techniques of home construction. • specialized crews worked from standardized plans to erect hundreds or even thousands of dwellings in a single project. • crews raised factory-assembled framing modules, put on roofs, strung wires, installed plumbing, and finished the walls in record time and with cost-cutting efficiency. • architects praised the aesthetic monotony of suburban “developments.” (correct) Hint: See page 917.

12. Question All of the following were true of the Berlin Airlift EXCEPT • Americans organized it in the midst of hair-trigger tension. • for nearly a year, American pilots ferried thousands of tons of supplies a day to the grateful Berliners. • Western Europeans took heart from this vivid demonstration of America’s determination to honor its commitments in Europe. • the Soviets continued their blockade for the duration of the Cold War.

13. Answer All of the following were true of the Berlin Airlift EXCEPT • Americans organized it in the midst of hair-trigger tension. • for nearly a year, American pilots ferried thousands of tons of supplies a day to the grateful Berliners. • Western Europeans took heart from this vivid demonstration of America’s determination to honor its commitments in Europe. • the Soviets continued their blockade for the duration of the Cold War. (correct) Hint: See page 928.

14. Question All of the following were true of the Yalta Conference EXCEPT • Stalin agreed to attack Japan within three months after the collapse of Germany, but never made good on his promise. • the Soviets were promised the southern half of Sakhalin Island and Japan’s Kurile Islands. • the Soviet Union was granted joint control over the railroads of China’s Manchuria and special privileges in Dairen and Port Arthur. • critics assailed the “sellout” of Poland and other Eastern European countries.

15. Answer All of the following were true of the Yalta Conference EXCEPT • Stalin agreed to attack Japan within three months after the collapse of Germany, but never made good on his promise. (correct) • the Soviets were promised the southern half of Sakhalin Island and Japan’s Kurile Islands. • the Soviet Union was granted joint control over the railroads of China’s Manchuria and special privileges in Dairen and Port Arthur. • critics assailed the “sellout” of Poland and other Eastern European countries. Hint: See pages 920–921.

16. Question All of the following were true of the Cold War EXCEPT it • was marked often by misperceptions, as well as by genuine conflicts of interest. • continued unabated throughout the twentieth century, ending only without any real victor as the twenty-first century dawned. • not only shaped Soviet-American relations; it overshadowed the entire postwar international order in every corner of the globe. • molded societies and economies and the lives of individual people all over the planet.

17. Answer All of the following were true of the Cold War EXCEPT it • was marked often by misperceptions, as well as by genuine conflicts of interest. • continued unabated throughout the twentieth century, ending only without any real victor as the twenty-first century dawned. (correct) • not only shaped Soviet-American relations; it overshadowed the entire postwar international order in every corner of the globe. • molded societies and economies and the lives of individual people all over the planet. Hint: See page 923.

18. Question All of the following were true of the Bretton Woods Conference EXCEPT • the Western Allies established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates. • the Western Allies founded the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) to promote economic growth in war-ravaged and underdeveloped areas. • the United States took the lead in creating the important international bodies (the IMF and World Bank) and supplied most of their funding. • U.S. leadership followed its commitment to global economic recovery established during World War I.

19. Answer All of the following were true of the Bretton Woods Conference EXCEPT • the Western Allies established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates. • the Western Allies founded the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) to promote economic growth in war-ravaged and underdeveloped areas. • the United States took the lead in creating the important international bodies (the IMF and World Bank) and supplied most of their funding. • U.S. leadership followed its commitment to global economic recovery established during World War I. (correct) Hint: See page 923.

20. Question All of the following were true of the United Nations EXCEPT • unlike Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt had shrewdly moved to establish the new international body before the war’s conclusion. • FDR aimed to capitalize on wartime cooperation and insulate planning for the UN from the potentially divisive issue of the peace settlement. • the U.N provided that no member of the Security Council, dominated by the Big Five powers (the United States, Britain, the USSR, France, and China), could have action taken against it without its consent. • unlike the League of Nations, which presumed great-power cooperation, the U.N. presumed great-power conflict.

21. Answer All of the following were true of the United Nations EXCEPT • unlike Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt had shrewdly moved to establish the new international body before the war’s conclusion. • FDR aimed to capitalize on wartime cooperation and insulate planning for the UN from the potentially divisive issue of the peace settlement. • the U.N provided that no member of the Security Council, dominated by the Big Five powers (the United States, Britain, the USSR, France, and China), could have action taken against it without its consent. • unlike the League of Nations, which presumed great-power cooperation, the U.N. presumed great-power conflict. (correct) Hint: See page 923.