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Objective

Objective. To investigate how national and regional policies influence the environmental sustainability of emerging local residential forms, especially in the Auckland Region using a case study based approach. . Urban Sustainability Policies. National - Resource Management Act 1991

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Objective

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  1. Objective • To investigate how national and regional policies influence the environmental sustainability of emerging local residential forms, especially in the Auckland Region using a case study based approach.

  2. Urban Sustainability Policies • National - Resource Management Act 1991 - National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy, 2001 - Local Government Act 2002 - New Zealand Transport Strategy, 2002 - Sustainable Development Programme of Action (NZSDPOA), 2003 - Building Act 2004 - New Zealand Urban Design Protocol, 2005 • Auckland Regional • Auckland Regional Growth Strategy 2050 (ARGS) • Auckland Regional Land Transport Strategy, 2005 • Auckland Regional Affordable Housing Strategy, 2003 • District Plans, Regional Plans and Regional Policy Statements • Projects • - Learning Sustainability • - Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD) • - Beacon Pathway Ltd • Auckland Sustainable Cities Programme (“Urban Form, Design and • Development (UFDD)” and “Transport and Urban Form (TUF)”)

  3. URBAN TAXONOMY

  4. Local Urban Scale Close To Inner City – High density Medium Rise Residential Suburban – Low Density Low Rise Suburban – Medium density Medium Rise Mixed Residential

  5. Three Case Studies: Auckland Region • Greenwich Park, Grafton, Auckland City • Addison, Papakura District • Earthsong Eco-Neighbourhood, Waitakere City Sustainable Urban Form Analysis • Applications of urban design principles • Design characteristics • Subdivision layouts and open space provisions • Density of development • Potential and actual renewable energy use • Available transport options

  6. Greenwich Park, Grafton, Auckland • Inner city mixed-use, high-density, gated community • 85 attachedtwo-level terraced townhouses • Site area:1.53 hectares • Dwelling density: 56 dwellings per hectare • Lot sizes: 300–350 m² ; Approximate House Size: 100 m² • Good access to public transport buses and train • Close to shopping centres • Lack of pedestrian connectivity and vehicular traffic segregation • Open space areas along the site boundary • Subject to motorway noise Aerial photo source: Auckland City Council

  7. Grafton • Repetitive monotonous built forms • High fence acts as a visual barrier • Narrow strips of landscaped areas • High impervious areas

  8. Grafton • Sustainability features assumed: • compact form • shared services • increased walkability to work • use of public transport • Effective passive solar design • north orientations of roofs; • sufficient glazing in façades • allows solar gain • available solar efficient roof (No use of solar water heater or PV modules currently) • Inadequate spaces for installation of above ground rain tanks

  9. Addison, Takanini,Papakura • Suburban “master-planned community” built on “new urbanism” principles • 1500 homes of mixed housing types • Site area of approximately 80 ha of land • Dwelling density: ranges from 16 dwellings to 23 dwellings per hectare • Lot sizes vary from 180 m² to 486 m² • Very good vehicular and pedestrian segregation • Well clustered housing around • open-space areas Site Plan source: http://www.mip.co.nz/developments/project/addison

  10. Addison • Choice of harmonious colour schemes • Street facades and vistas created in aesthetically pleasing manner • Increased amenity values as located close to Bruce Pullman Park • Adequately designed landscaping • Modern residential environment

  11. Addison Comprehensive sustainability framework includes: • access to facilities • waste recycling and management • solar orientation and energy conservation • low-impact storm water management • biodiversity and planting

  12. Earthsong, Waitakere City • Medium Density eco neighbourhood with a variety of housing types • 32 homes built on the principles of permaculture and cohousing • Site area : 1.62 hectares • Dwelling density: 20 dwellings per hectare • Interactive community committed to more sustainable behaviour Site Plan source: http://www.earthsong.org.nz//infobook/index.html

  13. Earthsong • Buildings and neighbourhood are well integrated with the site • Informal gathering places • Edible landscaping for local food production • Dwellings along common pathways and courtyards • Car parks and carports on one side of the site • Safe, pedestrian-friendly play areas for children, pedestrian priority

  14. Earthsong • Sustainable design principles include: • buildings oriented north • non-toxic building materials • rainwater collection for household and garden use • on-site stormwater and wastewater treatment • low-impact urban design technology such as rain tanks, grass swales, permeable paving, use of renewable energy (solar water heaters)

  15. Research Outcomes • Policies could influence emerging local-scale urban forms in varied manners generating significantly different contributions to environmental sustainability; • Behaviour change and technology could both impact significantly on urban sustainability; behaviour is likely to make the larger change.

  16. Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED), UK • Mixed-use, mixed-tenure • Largest carbon neutral • eco community in UK • 82 well-insulated, affordable residential homes and offices • Encourage alternatives to car use, thereby reducing transport energy use • Zero heating design Source: http://www.bioregional.com/ • Sustainable designs include: • roof gardens • passive solar design • a small-scale combined heat and power plant (CHP) to supply hot water • low-energy lighting • energy-efficient appliances • waste water recycling • onsite renewable energy

  17. Behaviour and Sustainability The Typical household living in a conventional house have an Ecological Footprint of 5.4 Ha per person The Keen household living inBedZEDhave an Ecological Footprint of 3.6 Ha per person . Changing the built environment reduces Ecological Footprint by 11%, but changing how we live can reduce Ecological Footprint by 22%. If we do not learn to change our behaviour, there will be no point in changing our buildings.

  18. Future Research • Connecting sustainability research and environmental policy is essential for successful urban sustainability policy formulation and its subsequent implementation.

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