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Plants

Plants. Orchid. Characteristics Plant evolution Lower plants. Hornwort. Characteristics of Kingdom. Photosynthetic autotrophs Eukaryotic Chemistry same as for green algae Cell walls Pigments Multicellular Tissues & organs Embryos. Characteristics of Kingdom.

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Plants

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  1. Plants Orchid • Characteristics • Plant evolution • Lower plants Hornwort

  2. Characteristics of Kingdom • Photosynthetic autotrophs • Eukaryotic • Chemistry same as for green algae • Cell walls • Pigments • Multicellular • Tissues & organs • Embryos

  3. Characteristics of Kingdom • Life cycle – alternation of generations Diploid sporophyte meiosis zygote spores fertilization gametes Haploid gametophyte

  4. The Plant Life cycle • Asexual reproduction common • Sexual cycle involves alternation of two generations • Gametophyte – gametes, dependent on water (at first) • Sporophyte – spores, adapted to dry condition • Trend in evolution – reduction of the gametophyte (increased importance of sporophyte)

  5. Plant spores • Produced by meiosis from sporophytes • Haploid reproductive (dispersive) cells • Grow into a gametophyte by mitosis • Covered by sporopollenin

  6. Plant gametes • Produced by gametophytes by mitosis • Eggs & sperm • Fertilized egg (zygote) grows into sporophyte Fern egg & sperm

  7. Plant Development • Embryos • Young sporophytes develop from zygotes • Protected and nurtured by parent

  8. Plant Body • Root / Shoot • Meristems • growing points • root/shoot tips • (woody plants) – sideways to form wood • indeterminate growth

  9. Evolved from Charophycean Green Algae • Mid Paleozoic • Strong similarities • Differences Chara A Coleochaete B Parka (Ordovician) From Berkeley Time Machine Coleochaete

  10. Plant classification • Bryophytes – no seeds, no roots, no vascular • Mosses, liverworts, hornworts • Seedless, vascular plants – no seeds • Ferns, horsetails, club mosses, whisk ferns • Gymnosperms - seeds & cones • Conifers, cycads, ginkgo, gnetophytes • Flowering plants – seeds, flowers & fruits • Primitive, Monocots, Dicots

  11. Non-vascular plants“Bryophytes” • Mosses, liverworts, hornworts • Gametophyte dominant • No roots – rhizoids • Often dependent on available moisture • Occupy ecological niches no other plants do • Represent first plants Moss Liverwort Hornwort

  12. Phylum Bryophyta – Mosses • Leafy gametophytes • Sporophytes with complex teeth • Evolutionarily distinct group from other bryophytes

  13. Moss Life Cycle • Sporophyte • Zygote • Embryo nurtured by gametophyte • Mature sporophyte with sporangium • Gametophyte • Spore • Protonema • Leafy gametophyte • Gametes eggs & sperm

  14. Moss Life Cycle Male leafy gametophyte Female leafy gametophyte Protonema Sporophyte Gametophyte Spores

  15. Sperm from antheridia Moss Life Cycle Leafy gametophytes Egg in archegonium

  16. Moss Life Cycle Fertilization Meiosis to form spores within sporangium Young sporophyte Zygote Spore dispersal by wind Embryo

  17. Sperm from antheridia Moss Life Cycle Egg in archegonium Gametophyte Fertilization “First thread” stage Sporophyte Meiosis Zygote Spores Embryo

  18. Moss links • UBC Moss Class • Microscopy UK

  19. Phylum Hepatophyta - Liverworts • Sporophyte simpler than mosses • Leafy • Thallose

  20. Phylum Anthocerophyta - Hornworts • Sporophyte linear tube with meristem at base • Thalloid • Closest bryophyte to ancestor of other plants

  21. Moss, Rhizomnium

  22. Moss, Tortula, whole leaf

  23. Sphagnum bog

  24. Sphagnum = Peat Moss

  25. Thallose liverwort Marchantia

  26. Leafy liverwort Lophocolea

  27. Hornwort, Anthoceros

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