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Child Development. Chapter 1-2 Studying Children. Objectives. Compare/Contrast leading theories about child development Discuss the difference between nature and nurture List and define the stages of development after childhood. Why is childhood crucial?.
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Child Development Chapter 1-2 Studying Children
Objectives • Compare/Contrast leading theories about child development • Discuss the difference between nature and nurture • List and define the stages of development after childhood
Why is childhood crucial? • Babies’ brains develop in response to stimulation. • Anything from sight, sound, touch, taste and smell. • Encourages curiosity attention span, memory and nervous system development. • Baby’s brain is about ¼ the size of an adults. • Babies who are stimulated develop more quickly.
Why is childhood Crucial? • Connections are being made. • Repetition reinforces pathways in the brain.
Theories • 5 general rules • Development is similar for each individual • Development builds upon earlier learning • Development proceeds at an individual rate • The different areas of development are interrelated • Development is a lifelong process.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Believed that personality develops through a series of stages • Childhood is much more important that previously thought
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) • The first to study children scientifically. • Focused on how children learned. • Believed that children go through four stages of learning. • Children must be given learning tasks appropriate to their level of development.
Lev vygotsky (1896-1994) • Biological development and cultural experience both influenced children’s ability to learn. • Believed social contact was essential to intellectual development. • Children should be given the opportunity for frequent social interaction.
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) • Personality develops in stages. • Each stage includes a unique psychological crisis. • If the crisis is met in a positive way the individual develops normally. • Parents and other caregivers must be aware of and sensitive to, children’s needs at each stage of development and support them through crises.
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) • Argued that when a child’s actions have positive results, tey will be repeated. • Negative results will make the actions stop. • Parents and other caregivers can affect a child’s behavior through the use of negative and positive feedback.
Albert Bandura (1925- ) • Children learn by imitating others. Environment shapes behavior and behavior also affects environment. • Caregivers must provide good examples for children to follow.
UrieBronfenbrenner (1917- ) • Layers of environment affect a child’s development. • Biology, family/community, society • Child’s primary relationship with a caregiver needs to be stable, loving and lasting.
Influences on Development • Heredity (Nature) • Environment (Nurture)
Development beyond Childhood • Adolescence • Young adulthood • Thirties • Middle Age • Late adulthood • Very late adulthood
Self-Esteem • Self-esteem or self-worth is the value people place on themselves. • Children who feel good about themselves are more likely to show enthusiasm for learning, form friendships, and make healthy choices. • Can help children deal with life’s frustrations and disappointments. • Low self-esteem makes kids feel like they are failing or constantly disappointing others. • Can this backfire????
