Kingdom: Plantae

1. Kingdom: Plantae

2. What is a plant? • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall made of cellulose • Develop from multicellular embryos • Carry out photosynthesis • Contain chlorophyll a and b to trap sunlight.

3. MEIOSIS Haploid Diploid FERTILIZATION Life Cycle of Plants • Plant life cycles have 2 alternating phases, a diploid (2n) and a haploid (n) phase, known as alternation of generations. Spores(N) Gametophyte Plant (N) Sporophyte Plant (2N) Sperm(N) Eggs(N)

4. What plants need to survive? • Sunlight • Water and minerals • Gas exchange (stomata) • Transport of water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)

5. Groups of Bryophytes • This group lacks vascular tissue therefore it uses diffusion and osmosis to obtain nutrients. • Mosses Which do not have true roots instead have rhizoids. • Liverworts • Hornworts

6. Seedless Vascular Plants Comparing Spore-Bearing Vascular Plants Characteristics Watertransportation Structure Club Mosses By vasculartissue Look like miniature pine trees; scalelike leaves Horsetails By vasculartissue True leaves, stems, and roots Ferns By vasculartissue Creeping or underground rhizomes (stems); fronts (leaves); some have no roots or leaves

7. Seed Plants Comparing Features of Seed Plants Feature Seeds Reproduction Examples Gymnosperms Angiosperms Bear their seeds on cones Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes Bear their seeds within flowers Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers

8. Annuals Perennials Biennials 1 growingseason More than2 years 2 years Concept Map Plants are categorized as that completetheir life cycle in that completetheir life cycle in that completetheir life cycle in

9. Single cotyledon Two cotyledons Parallel veins Branched veins Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5 Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring Fibrous roots Taproot Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots Monocots Dicots Seeds Leaves Flowers Stems Roots

10. Dermaltissue Meristematictissue Vasculartissue Groundtissue Epidermalcells Parenchymacells Collenchymacells Schlerenchymacells Xylem Phloem Companioncells Vesselelements Sieve tubeelements Tracheids Seed Plant Structures Plant Tissues include includes includes includes includes includes

11. Plant Tissue Systems • Dermal Tissue: consists of epidermal cells that cover the outer surface. • Vascular Tissue: specialized transport cells • Xylem: carries water and nutrients up from the roots. (tracheids and vessel elements) • Phloem: carries sugars down from leaves (sieve tube elements and companion cells) • Ground Tissue: contains photosynthesizing cells and cells that help make plants strong.

12. Plant Growth • Meristems are clusters of cells at the tips of roots and stems that are responsible for the growth throughout a plant’s life. • The new cells produced are called meristematic tissue. • Apical meristems are located at the tip or end of the root and stem that produces new cells by the process of mitosis.

13. Roots Endodermis Root hairs Ground tissue (cortex) Phloem Epidermis Xylem Endodermis Vascular cylinder Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Apical meristem Root cap Epidermis Ground tissue(cortex) VascularCylinder Cross Section of Plant Root(magnification: 40x)

14. Function and Types of Roots • The roots job is absorb water and nutrients form the soil and anchor the plant in the ground. • Types: • Taproot a long root that extends deep into the ground. • Fibrous root: branching root help prevent topsoil erosion. • Some plants have both types of roots.

15. Leaf Structure Cuticle Veins Epidermis Palisademesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem Spongymesophyll Epidermis Stoma Guardcells

16. Leaf Function • Stomata: gas exchange • Guard cells: open and close the stomata • Mesophyll: contain cells that carry out photosynthesis.

17. Transpiration • The pull of water from the roots to the leaves of the plant Factors that increase transpiration: • Increase temperature • Increase wind • Decreased humidity

18. Sugar Movement in Plants Phloem Xylem Sugarmolecules Source cell Movementof water Movementof sugar Sink cell

19. Reproduction with Cones

20. Stamen Carpel Stigma Anther Style Filament Ovary Petal Ovule Sepal Reproduction with Flowers • Carpel (Pistil): female • Portion of the flower. • ovary: contains the • ovules. • 2. stigma: sticky tip that • pollen attaches to. • 3. style: creates the • Pollen tube that allows • Pollen to reach the eggs. • Stamens: the male portion • Of the flower • anther: produces pollen • filament

21. Pollen grains (N) (male gametophyte) Anther (2N) Stigma Pollen tubes Style Haploid cell (N) Ovary Embryo sac (N) (female gametophyte) Egg cell Mature sporophyte Sperm Pollen tube Endosperm nuclei Endosperm (3N) Embryo (2N) Seedling (2N) (new sporophyte) Endosperm Zygote (2N) Seed coat Fruit Cycle of an Angiosperm Haploid (N) Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS Ovule FERTILIZATION

22. Wind vs. Animal Pollination Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants Characteristics Pollination method Relative efficiency of pollination method Plant types Reproductive organs Adaptations that promote pollination Wind-pollinatedPlants Wind pollination Less efficient Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms Cones Pollination drop Animal-pollinated Plants Vector pollination More efficient Angiosperms Flowers Bright colors, sweet nectar

23. Seed Dispersal • Animals: sweet, fleshy fruits (blueberries) • Wind and water: lightweight, allowing them to be carried by air or float in water. (tumbleweeds)

24. Seed Germination

25. Plant Hormones • Chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth and development, and the plant’s responses to environmental conditions. • Auxin: stimulate cell elongation • Gibberellins: increase size of stems and fruit • Cytokinins: stimulate cellular division • Ethylene: Stimulate the ripening of fruit.

26. Auxin and phototropism Highconcentrationof auxin Lowconcentrationof auxin Control Tipremoved Opaquecap Clearcap Opaque shiedover base Auxin production of the shaded side of plant causes it to Bend towards the light.

27. Auxin and Gravitropism Auxin causes stems to grow up and roots to grow down in Response to gravity.

28. Auxin and Branching Apical Dominance Apical meristem Lateral buds Auxins produced in the apical meristeminhibit the growth of lateral buds. Apical meristem removed Without the inhibiting effect of auxinsfrom the apicial meristem, lateral budsproduce many branches.

29. Auxin-like Weed Killers • High concentrations of auxins inhibit plant growth. • Scientists have engineered herbicides like 2,4-D that mimic the hormone auxin and thus kill weeds.

30. Plant Reponses • Phototropism: response to light • Gravitropism: response to gravity • Thigmotropism: response to touch

31. Photoperiodism The response To flowering Is controlled by The amount Of darkness the Plant receives Short-Day Plant Long-Day Plant Photoperiodism: Is reponsible for The timing of Seasonal Activities such as Flowering and growth Midnight Noon Long Day Midnight Noon Short Day Midnight Noon Interrupted Night

32. Winter Dormancy • As cold weather approaches, deciduous plants turn off photosynthetic pathways, transport materials from leaves to roots, and seal off leaves from the rest of the plant.

33. Adaptations • Chemical defenses: manufacture compounds that have a powerful effect on animals. Ex. Aspirin, tobacco • Epiphytes: Grow on trees to reach sunlight. • Succulents: reduces leaves, extensive roots, thick stems. (cacti) • Carnivorous Plants: digest insects.