Ivan IV

1. Ivan IV I am your god As God is mine. My throne is surrounded By Archangels As is the Throne of God

2. The Rise of Russia Objectives: • Explain the geographical and cultural factors that made Russia different from the rest of Europe. • Describe how Kievan Russia differed from the Byzantine Empire.

3. Geography of Russia • 1/6th earth's land surface.

4. The Rise of Russia The Setting and People • Slavs, Avars, Huns, Magyars, and Vikings all invaded at different times • Locations: Scandinavia, Asia, and South Eastern Europe

5. Vikings Slavs Magyars Huns Avars

6. The Rise of Russia Kievan Russia • Government – princes governed by councils, town meetings • Religion – Christianity • Economy – farming, trade

7. The Rise of Russia Russian Culture: • Slavic language • Russian Orthodox Church • Byzantine Background

9. Russia and the Mongols Objectives: • Identify the ways in which Mongol rule affected Kievan Russia. • Describe the effects of Moscow’s growing power and independence.

10. Russia and the Mongols Attacks on Kiev • Kievan Russia under the Mongols – taxed heavily • Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols in 1240 • Kievan Russia and its influential neighbors – Lithuania and Poland

11. Russia and the Mongols The Rise of Moscow • Ivan the Terrible • The growth of the church – financial prosperity, politically independent of Constantinople

13. Ivan the Terrible. After the rise of Moscow, its grand prince came to be called czar. In 1547, Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, became the first ruler to be crowned czar. Ivan made the power of the czar over all Russia complete. Ivan was brutal, extremely suspicious, and perhaps, at times, insane. He formed a special police force and began a reign of terror in which he ordered the arrest and murder of hundreds of aristocrats. Ivan gave his victims' estates as payment to the service gentry (landowners serving in the army and government). He also established strict rules concerning the number of warriors and horses each landowner had to supply to the army. Ivan burned many towns and villages, and he killed church leaders who opposed him. In a fit of rage, Ivan even struck and killed his oldest son. The number of service gentry increased rapidly. But their estates had no value unless the peasants remained on the land and farmed it. Ivan and later czars passed a series of laws that bound the peasants to the land as serfs. Serfdom became the economic basis of Russian power. The development of Russian serfdom differed sharply from changes occurring in Western Europe at the time. There, during the Renaissance, the growth of trade led to the use of money as royal payment. It also led to the disappearance of serfdom in Western Europe. Ivan fought Tatars at Astrakhan and Kazan to the southeast, and he won their lands. Russian forces then crossed the Ural Mountains and conquered western Siberia. Ivan also tried to win lands northwest to the Baltic Sea, but he was defeated by Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish armies. The Time of Troubles developed because of a breakdown of the czar's power after Ivan's death. Theodore I, Ivan's second son, was a weak czar. His wife's brother, Boris Godunov, became the real ruler of Russia. Theodore's younger brother, Dmitri, was found dead in 1591, and Theodore died in 1598 without leaving a male heir. The Zemskii Sobor (Land Council), a kind of parliament with little power, elected Boris czar. But a man believed to be Gregory Otrepiev, a former monk, posed as Dmitri. This False Dmitri claimed Dmitri had not died, and he fled to Lithuania to avoid arrest. In 1604, False Dmitri invaded Russia with Polish troops. The invaders were joined by many discontented Russians. This invasion marked the beginning of the Time of Troubles. Russia was torn by civil war, invasion, and political confusion until 1613. False Dmitri became czar in 1605, but a group of boyars killed him the next year. Prince Basil Shuisky then became czar. In 1610, Polish invaders occupied Moscow.

14. The Rise of Russia Question: How did Christianity influence Kievan Russia?

15. Effect Cause The Rise of Russia The majority of Kievan literature was written to serve religious purposes. Religious themes dominated Kievan culture.

16. Review 1. Did Kievan Russian have a form of government in which citizens had a voice? Explain. 2. What effects did access to bodies of water have on the Kievan Russia? 3. Which influence was greater, Mongol rule in Russia or the rise of the Byzantine Empire? 4. What three ethnic groups influenced Russia?

17. Russia in the Age of Absolutism Objectives: • Identify ways Russia was isolated from western Europe. • Analyze how Peter the Great used his power to change Russia. • Examine how Catherine the Great expanded Russia’s territory.

18. Russian Government and the Rebirth of Tsarist Russia • Society: • Tsar/Czar (= Caesar or Emperor) • Government is an autocracy • Most people are peasants. Most peasants were serfs until 1861. In 1610, Polish invaders occupied Moscow. They ruled through a powerless council of boyars until 1612. Meanwhile, a new False Dmitri and a number of other pretenders to the throne won many followers. Peasant revolts swept through Russia. Landowners and frontier people called Cossacks fought each other, and sometimes joined together to fight powerful aristocrats. The Polish control of Moscow led the Russians to unite their forces and drive out the invaders. They recaptured the capital in 1612. The early Romanovs. After the Poles were defeated, there was no one of royal birth to take the throne. In 1613, the Zemskii Sobor elected Michael Romanov czar. The Romanov czars ruled Russia for the next 300 years, until the February Revolution of 1917 ended czarist rule.

19. Tsarist Russia:Notable Rulers • Ivan the Terrible 1533-1584-1st Russian Czar • Peter the Great 1688-1725 - builds new capital city - St. Petersburg • Catherine the Great 1762-1796- Expansion to West • Alexander I 1802-1825 – slow to bring reform- revolutionary terrorism “Decemberist Uprising” • Nicholas I 1825-1855 - begins policy of Official Nationality - slogan "Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism". • Alexander II 1855-81 • Alexander III 1881-1894

20. Russia in the Age of Absolutism Isolation and a New Dynasty • Asian influence • Religious differences • Geographically separated from Europe

21. Russia in the Age of Absolutism Peter the Great • Peter’s foreign mission – his attempt to form alliances against Ottoman Turks failed, but he learned many Western ways • Westernizing Russia – improved training and weaponry, Western architecture, modernization in society

22. Peter the Great • Tsar Peter the Great pushed the Russian Empire toward modernization and military expansion. • In less than 40 years, the country changed radically, a feat that was due primarily to Peter's extraordinary personal energy. • He transformed his country from an isolated backwater of Europe into a modern state to rival Western Europe's leading powers.

23. Russia in the Age of Absolutism Catherine the Great • Catherine’s policies – domestic policies were meaningless or harmful to most Russians, but foreign policies won new territory and extended the Russian empire • Poland – Russia split Poland with Prussia and Austria • Expansion eastward – Siberia and Alaska

25. Review • What are the differences between the service gentry and the nobles? • Why was Peter the Great considered great? • How was Catherine the Great similar to Peter the Great? • What social class benefited most from the “westernization” of Russia?

26. role-play Russia's Struggle

27. Boris and Natasha are Russian peasants living in the early 19th century. Their lives are simple, and hard. They work under a Kulak as Peasant farmers. Their work is bound by duty, duty to their lord, and to their Czar. Today they will not work as hard, for today their young son Yurick has come back from the “dead.” He is visiting them after fleeing from the farm several years ago. It is a tense time, for serfs are not allowed to leave the land without permission. If Yurick is caught, he will be punished by the lord or perhaps even killed. Boris: “It is so good to see you son after all these years. I thought I would never see you again. Tell me what is life like out there in Europe?” Yurick: “Well, Europe is totally different and exciting. It is not like the farms we have here. Over there they have cities. The cities are full of markets and factories. You can get almost anything you want! You don’t have to stay on the farm and you don’t have to be a servant to anyone. If you want to be an artist you can be one!” Boris: “Yes, but who will be there to guide you? Surely, a lot of people must be starving in Europe. Who makes sure you are fed? Who protects you from invaders? You see son, we live a simple life, but it has always been a secure one. Our plains which are good for farming do not give us protection from invaders. However, our lord allows us to work his land and makes sure we are well fed and protected.” Yurick: “Europe is not like it is here father. They are not always threatened by invaders like us. In Europe there are mountains which provide protection.” Yurick turns towards his mother. “Mother, I have learned a lot in Europe. You see these clothes that I am wearing? These clothes are made by machines. Everything that I am wearing would have taken you weeks to make. They were made in a matter of days. This shirt is made of cotton from America. These pants are made of wool from Scotland. And this (he hands her a box which she opens to reveal a beautifully patterned silk scarf) was made for you in France from silk gathered from China. People in Europe wear these things all the time.” His mother looks at the scarf and then his fine clothes. She has never seen anything like it. Natasha: “We don’t have need of such things in Russia.” She smiles and says, “You have done well for yourself Yurick.” She hands the scarf back to Yurick.

28. Yurick: “Mother, here. (handing the scarf back). “You do not need to feel bad about it. The Russians do need such things. In fact the Russian rulers have always been trying to reach outward to trade with the world. The reason we do not have such things is because we are too far inland. Our country is cut off from the seas. The great ships that carry such goods cannot reach us. Russian rulers have always desired a warm water port so that they could bring in such things as these scarves to its people.” Boris: “Bah!, Nonsense! Scarves! You cannot eat Scarves! What good are they? The Russian people have need of only two things, tradition and faith! This thing (holding the scarf) will not give your life any meaning! Tradition and faith give us meaning. It defines who we are. Our faith is an old one and I am proud of it because of the many things it has brought us. Our church is more traditional then any church in Europe. Our faith dates back to the Eastern Roman Empire! (Byzantine Empire) The church has given us religious traditions, the Cyrillic Alphabet, and marvelous works of art and architecture.” Yurick: “Father, what good is an alphabet that we can’t read? What good is the artwork that we never see? And what good is the architecture that we never live in? In Europe they all use the same alphabet and some people are learning to read! They are enjoying the comforts of life and amusement of the arts while here we do nothing but farm, farm and farm again! There are things in Europe you could never imagine!” Boris takes Yurick outside. They walk up a hillside and look out across the wide plains called steppes. Boris: “Son, you are trying to live an unrealistic dream. See this. (He reaches down and picks up a piece of ground.) We Russians have fought hard for this land. It gives us life! We are survivors son. He looks towards the east, out across the steppe. He imagines a time long ago and starts to speak. When Genghis Khan and the Mongols came across these plains from the east, they conquered us, but we survived. We learned from them about discipline and leadership. They taught us the meaning of absolute rule and the importance of sacrifice. We grew strong from the hardships suffered under them and when the time was right (he pulls out a knife and flings it into a tree) we killed them! With our strong faith and determination we beat them back and established our own rulers. We obeyed our Czar without question for we knew that he worked with the very hands of God. There were many who opposed the Czars and for the better of the country the Czars killed them.” Boris: “You see son it is our strong faith and our rich culture that made us survivors. Europe is for the weak, faithless, dreamers. Tonight we will go to church. Perhaps the priest will talk some sense into you.” Questions for discussion. How do the following factors influence Russia’s development? Early History Geography Culture Based upon the reading what differences do you notice between Russia and Western Europe? In your opinion of the three factors above which one had the greatest influence on Russia? (Explain why)

29. Russia in the Age of Absolutism Question: What were the cultural and geographic causes and effects of Russian isolation?

30. Russian Isolation Cultural Causes Effects Mongol rule Cyrillic alphabet Geographic Causes Effects limited trade, contact Russia in the Age of Absolutism Asian, rather than Western, influence (miss out on Renaissance) Contact through Constantinople & Byzantine Empire Eastern Orthodox, not Roman Catholic or Protestant hindered communication landlocked; surrounded by powers, vast plains no rivers flowed into seas where trade took place