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Recall how the shape of the oral cavity creates vowel “shapes”

Recall how the shape of the oral cavity creates vowel “shapes”. Vocal folds release puff of air . . . air is shaped by vocal tract . . . X-ray image courtesy of Ken Stevens. Different shapes result in different vowels. Vowel quality. /i/. /u/. High vowels: Low F1 frequency. Front vowels:

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Recall how the shape of the oral cavity creates vowel “shapes”

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  1. Recall how the shape of the oral cavity creates vowel “shapes” Vocal folds release puff of air . . . air is shaped by vocal tract . . . X-ray image courtesy of Ken Stevens.

  2. Different shapes result in different vowels

  3. Vowel quality /i/ /u/ High vowels: Low F1 frequency Front vowels: High F2 frequency Back vowels: Low F2 frequency /e/ /o/ /a/ Low vowels: High F1 frequency

  4. /u/ /i/ F2 F2 F1 F1

  5. beet /bit/ boot /but/ Vowel quality Low F1: HighHigh F2: Front, unrounded Low F1: HighLow F2: Back, rounded

  6. bet /bEt/ bought /bçt/ Vowel quality Medium F1: MidHigh F2: Front, unrounded Medium F1: MidLow F2: Back, rounded

  7. bat /bQt/ bot /bAt/ Vowel quality High F1: LowHighish F2: Front, unrounded High F1: LowLowish F2: Back, unrounded

  8. Diphthongs /ej/ /ow/ /çj/ /aj/ /aw/ Mid front to high front F1: medium to low F2: high to higher Mid back to high back F1: medium to low F2: low to lower Mid back to high front F1: medium to low F2: low to high Low central to high front F1: high to low F2: medium to high Low central to high back F1: high to low F2: medium to low

  9. What Effect Do Consonants Have?

  10. What Effect Do Consonants Have? The vocal tract at rest position: a neutral vowel.

  11. What Effect Do Consonants Have? Stop consonants affect the endpoints of vowels.

  12. What Effect Do Consonants Have? Stop consonants affect the endpoints of vowels.

  13. Stops: Manner of articulation Stops: Points of silence between vowels.

  14. /d ae b/ /d ae d/ /d ae g/ Stops: Place of articulation Dorsal: F2 up, F3 down. Labial: F2 goes down. Coronal: F2 steady.

  15. aspiration voice bar bay /bej/ pay /pHej/ Stops: Voicing

  16. aspiration voice bar? gap /gQp/ cap /kHQp/ Stops: Voicing

  17. voice bars bide [ba>jd] bite [b jt] v Stops: Voicing longer shorter

  18. What Effect Do Consonants Have? Nasal consonants have their own resonances, but also affect vowels.

  19. strong voice bars /d ae m/ /d ae n/ /d ae N/ Nasals Dorsal: F2 up, F3 down. Labial: F2 goes down. Coronal: F2 steady.

  20. What Effect Do Consonants Have? Fricatives are essentially noise, but have some effect on vowels.

  21. dive /dajv/ dice /dajs/ Fricatives: Manner Lots of random noise

  22. fie /faj/ thigh /aj/ sigh /saj/ shy /Saj/ Fricatives: Place Noise at all frequencies Noise at 5000- 6000 Hz Noise at 3000- 4000 Hz

  23. voice bar Falling F2: Labial dive /dajv/ dice /dajs/ Fricatives: Place and voicing Noise at 5000- 6000 Hz

  24. heap /hip/ hope /howp/ h: a voiceless vowel

  25. Liquids • See http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/ for video demonstration of liquids.

  26. clear l: higher F2 dark L: lower F2 [diL] [dil] Dark and clear l

  27. r lowers F3 and F2 [dir]

  28. r lowers F3 and F2 [rEd] [hEd]

  29. longer and darker shorter and lighter higher pitch (striations closer together) lower pitch (striations farther apart) Stress: Intensity, duration, pitch [ k \ n t ß ® æ s t ] contrast (verb)

  30. Stress is on Marianna, as if someone had previously said “Murrayanna.” Stress is on Marianna, as if someone had previously said “Mariahnna.” 1. Pitch goes up on stressed syllable.

  31. Stress is on Marianna, as if someone had previously said “Murrayanna.” Stress is on Marianna, as if someone had previously said “Mariahnna.” 2. Stressed syllable is longer.

  32. Stress is on Marianna, as if someone had previously said “Murrayanna.” Stress is on Marianna, as if someone had previously said “Mariahnna.” 3. Stressed syllable is louder.

  33. [w i f E d s i d z t u D \ d E f b i z ] “We fed seeds to the deaf bees.”

  34. “The loud boys were in the boat when the tide came in.” [ D\ … a w d b ç j zw \®I n D \ b ow t wE n D\ t H a j d k H ej m I n ]

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