19 - Rhetoric, Transitions

1. ESL 015: Composition for American Academic Communication IIApril 12th, 2012Jamie KimTracy Beckett 19 - Rhetoric, Transitions

2. Objectives Review Final Paper Requirements Rhetoric Transitions

3. Argumentative Research Paper What important points/ elements should be included in your final paper? How can you make sure that your paper has a ‘formal’ tone and style? What questions do you have about your paper? about the writing process?

4. Research Paper Writing Important points Meaningful Topic/Research Question Synthesis of information from various sources to support/prove your thesis. Formal and Objective, Impersonal Tone Present/Present Perfect Tense Revise… Attend the Writing Center Maintain focus on your goal (thesis).

5. The Writing Process Topic Choice Preliminary research Bibliography (Evaluating sources) Hypothesis and thesis Research Proposal (Detailed Outline) Writing the paper (5~8 pages) Revision

6. Questions? Do you have any questions about the writing process, or what is expected of you for the final paper?

7. Rhetoric

8. What is Rhetoric? The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively. When you write academic papers, you always need to consider the elements of rhetoric! Rhetoric is "the ability, in each particular case, to see the available means of persuasion." There are three main components of rhetoric: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos.

9. Components of Rhetoric There are three main components of rhetoric…the rhetorical triangle

10. Ethos • Ethos: • “Showing moral character” or establishing character and credibility of the author. • As writers, we establish ethos by establishing "moral competence," or expertise and knowledge. Questions to ask when identifying ethos in writing: • Does the author seem knowledgeable and reasonable? • Does the author treat opposing views or people who might disagree with fairness and respect? • Why do you think essays that lack this kind of appeal are likely to be unconvincing?

11. Ethos Example of Ethos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BB_45qxoRrQ&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6wpG2Xesbk&feature=BFa&list=PL1F1297B54580A4FE&lf=results_main

12. Pathos • Pathos: • appeals to the audience's emotions. Questions to ask when identifying pathos in writing: • Does the writer appeal to your emotions—feelings of sadness, pride, fear, being young, anger, love, justice?

13. Pathos Example of Pathos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WujyVxRZqJM

14. Logos • Logos: • Persuading by the use of reasoning. • This is the most important technique in writing academic papers. • Consider effective and persuasive reasonsthat back up your claims. • Giving reasons with convincing support from reliable sources is the heart of argumentation and cannot be emphasized enough. • This is why we use RELIABLE and SCHOLARLY sources.

15. Logos Example of Logos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruIpTQAIbLE

16. Don’t do this! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSJVQu3EogU

17. Rhetoric, in summary…. Balance ETHOS ETHOS ETHOS LOGOS PATHOS PATHOS LOGOS LOGOS ETHOS= appeal to writer’s character (ethics) PATHOS= appeal to emotion & beliefs LOGOS = appeal to reason Think of how the three work together PATHOS

18. Rhetoric Activity…

19. Rhetoric in YOUR Writing - In groups of 3-4, discuss your topics and how YOU can appeal to ethos, pathos, and logos in your writing. Consider the topic for your final paper. What is your main argument. How can you effectively establish a balanced rhetoric in your paper?

20. Transitions

21. Learning about transitions S + V ; (transition), S + V There are many linking expressions, called transitions, that help point out how sentences are joined according to meaning. When you use these expressions, you need to separate your sentences with a period or a semicolon at the end of the first independent clause. e.g. The little girl had always hated roaches. In fact, she was terrified of them. The little girl had always hated roaches; in fact, she was terrified of them. [Appendix C, Page 221 of In Focus]

22. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? Household composition patterns over the past several decades have been away from the traditional nuclear family… and toward more single-parent households, more persons living alone, and more couples living together out of wedlock. Indeed, the “consensual union” has become a more visible and accepted family type in several countries. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

23. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? Household composition patterns over the past several decades have been away from the traditional nuclear family… and toward more single-parent households, more persons living alone, and more couples living together out of wedlock. Indeed, the “consensual union” has become a more visible and accepted family type in several countries. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

24. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? Scandinavian countries have been the pacesetters in the development of many of the nontraditional forms of family living, especially births outside of wedlock and cohabitation outside of legal marriage. Women in these societies also have the highest rates of labor force participation. However, in at least two aspects, the United States is setting the pace. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

25. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? Scandinavian countries have been the pacesetters in the development of many of the nontraditional forms of family living, especially births outside of wedlock and cohabitation outside of legal marriage. Women in these societies also have the highest rates of labor force participation. However, in at least two aspects, the United States is setting the pace. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

26. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? Japan is the most traditional society of those studied, with very low rates of divorce and births out of wedlock and the highest proportion of married-couple households. In fact, Japan is the only country in which the share of such households has increased since 1960. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

27. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? Japan is the most traditional society of those studied, with very low rates of divorce and births out of wedlock and the highest proportion of married-couple households. In fact, Japan is the only country in which the share of such households has increased since 1960. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

28. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? A trend toward fewer marriages is plain in all of the countries studied, although the timing of this decline differs from country to country. In Scandinavia and Germany, for example, the downward trend in the marriage rate was already evident in the 1960’s. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

29. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? A trend toward fewer marriages is plain in all of the countries studied, although the timing of this decline differs from country to country. In Scandinavia and Germany, for example, the downward trend in the marriage rate was already evident in the 1960’s. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

30. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? Divorce laws were loosened in most European countries beginning in the 1970’s, with further liberalization taking place in the 1980’s. Consequently, divorce rates are rising rapidly in many European countries. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

31. Examine the use of transitionsin the following passages : what is their purposeorfunction? Divorce laws were loosened in most European countries beginning in the 1970’s, with further liberalization taking place in the 1980’s. Consequently, divorce rates are rising rapidly in many European countries. (From the article called “The changing family in International perspective.”)

32. Homework Continue working on your final paper, the Argumentative Research Essay. Consider your use of rhetoric and transitions in your paper – I will be looking for these features, and grading you accordingly when I read your papers.