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MACROMOLECULES PROTEINS

MACROMOLECULES PROTEINS. WHAT ARE PROTEINS?. Proteins are the most diverse molecules in living organisms. Make up 50% of most cells. EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN LIVING THINGS! Involved in almost everything that cells do. Shape (Structure) is directly related to what they do (Function)

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MACROMOLECULES PROTEINS

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  1. MACROMOLECULESPROTEINS

  2. WHAT ARE PROTEINS? • Proteins are the most diverse molecules in living organisms. • Make up 50% of most cells EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN LIVING THINGS! • Involved in almost everything that cells do. • Shape (Structure) is directly related to what they do (Function) STRUCTURE  FUNCTION ENZYMES: Special proteins that help reactions happen in cells (more on these later)!

  3. JUST SOME EXAMPLES OF WHY PROTEINS ARE IMPORTANT: • Structural building blocks: • Hair (karatin) • Fingernails (karatin) • Functional Molecules • Antibodies (identify and remove harmful particles from body – Immune System) • Hemoglobin (transports oxygen through body) • Protein Carriers (move substances in and out of cells) • AND SO MUCH MORE!!!!!

  4. FROM DNA TO PROTEIN Each Gene on the DNA codes for a different polypeptide One Gene, One Polypeptide A polypeptide Is a simple protein A gene is a section of DNA

  5. FROM DNA TO PROTEIN The Genetic information in DNA codes SPECIFICALLY for production of PROTEINS and NOTHING ELSE. No Lipids! No Carbs!

  6. WHAT ARE PROTEINS MADE OF? . A protein is a polymer made up of monomers called: • REVIEW: • What is a Monomer? • The building block of polymers (macromolecules) • 2) What is the monomer of a Carbohydrate? • A Monosaccharide • 3) What are the monomers of Lipids? • Glycerol and Fatty Acids Amino Acids (AAs)

  7. AMINO ACIDS All AAs have: • A Carboxyl Group (-COOH) • An Amino Group (-NH2) • A Hydrogen Atom (-H) • A Side Chain (-R) • Also called an R group There are 22 different R groups. Therefore, 22 different Amino Acids We are focusing on the AAs in plants and animals. Other types of organisms have different AAs. • Essential Aas (10) • Body cannot make, • so you must consume • them. • meat, fish, eggs. • Non-essential Aas (12) • Body can make. • Nuts, seeds, beans

  8. THE 22 AMINO ACIDS • MAIN IDEA: • The R groups differ between AAs giving them different chemical properties: • Acidic • Basic • Polar • Non-Polar There are 2 AAs missing here. They were discovered relatively recently.

  9. DNA  POLYPEPTIDE The process by which a protein is made is called Protein Synthesis.

  10. LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE • The different R groups on the AAs attract and repel each other in different ways. • This is why proteins are so varied and can fulfill so many functions. • There are four levels of protein structure, increasing in complexity, depending on how the AAs interact with each other. Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Primary Structure Areas of coils and pleated sheets due to hydrogen bonding within a polypeptide Eg. Hair Shape of multiple polypeptides interacting together. Eg. Enzymes Overall shape of a polypeptide Eg. Hormones Amino Acid Sequence of a Polypeptide

  11. CHANGING THE ORDER OF AAs CHANGES THE PROTEIN • If the structure of a polypeptide is changed, it will effect the function of the resulting protein. STRUCTURE  FUNCTION. "Willfdfd fdfdfdfdfdfdfd you do it?""Do you will it?ad more: http://www.city-data.com/forum/writing/1115620-two-sentences-have-same-words-but.html#ixzz40Sz6Oz6s"Will you do it?""Do you will it?" USING THE CODE, DECIPHER THE SENTENCES • ORIGINAL: 1) ________ _______ _______ _______ ? •     • 2) ________ _______ _______ _______ ? •     • 3) ________ _______ _______ _______ ? •     Code  = it  = will  = you  = do • In this analogy, words represent ______________and the sentences represent ____________________. • If you change the order of the ____________, you change the meaning of the ___________________. The new sentence may have a different meaning or not make sense at all. • Similarly, If the order of ___________are changed, the _________________ will fold up differently, resulting in a protein with a different ____________ and therefore different ______________, or a protein that does not work.

  12. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA • Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder. • Red blood cells contain an important protein, hemoglobin. • One AA is replaced by another in the polypeptide (glutamate  valine) • The change causes the red blood cell to become crescent-shaped (sickled). • Causes clots in vessels resulting in severe fatigue to death.

  13. PROTEIN DENATURATION • When the structure of a protein is changed due to an external stress. • Stresses • Heat • Radiation • Change in salt concentration • Change in pH • Stresses cause the protein to uncoil or change shape, changing its function. • Change can be temporary or permanent.

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