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Macromolecules

Macromolecules. Molecules of Life. Biological Macromolecules. Built mostly from C, H, & O. Occur in different ratios in each category. 4 major macromolecules (organic compounds) Carbohydrate Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids. Carbohydrates. C,H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O)

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules Molecules of Life

  2. Biological Macromolecules • Built mostly from C, H, & O. • Occur in different ratios in each category. • 4 major macromolecules (organic compounds) • Carbohydrate • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids

  3. Carbohydrates • C,H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O) • Used as ENERGY SOURCES • Monomer unit (building block) is the monosaccharide aka simple sugars • Examples: • Glucose – main energy source for cells, quick! • Fructose – in fruits and is the sweetest • Galactose – found in milk

  4. Carbohydrates All three are • Isomers- identical chemical formulas (C6H12O6), but different structures Galactose Fructose Glucose

  5. Carbohydrates • Disaccharides- when two monosaccharides combine to form a double sugar • Examples: • Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (table sugar) • Glucose + Glucose = Maltose (in barley) • Glucose + Galactose = Lactose (milk sugar)

  6. Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides- complex molecule made from 3 or more monosaccharides • Animals store glucose in the liver in a form called Glycogen • Also stored in muscles and can be used as a “quick” energy • Plants store energy in the form of Starch • Cellulose – the largest and most complex carbohydrate

  7. Lipids • Made up of C,H,& O, with a higher ratio of H. • Used as ENERGY STORAGE and MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANES • Monomer unit is the Fatty Acid • Examples • Triglycerides--Fats & Oils • Phospholipids • Waxes • Steroids

  8. Triglycerides: Fats & Oils • Have three fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol

  9. Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Some carbons forms double bonds with other carbons in chains; not bonded to max # of hydrogens • Good for you! • Usually soft/liquid at room temperature • Found in plant seeds & some cold blooded animals

  10. Saturated Fatty Acids • Carbons are bonded to four atoms and so we call them full or saturated • NO double bonds • Bad for you • Solid at room temperature • Found in warm blooded animals • Found in food like crisco, butter, in your cheeseburgers • Look for words like “Trans” & Hydrogenated on packages

  11. Lipids Cont. • Phospholipids- form cell membrane bilayer • Only two fatty acids here • Waxes- bee and ear wax, plant cuticle • Are waterproof and form protective coatings • Steroids • Sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) • Cholesterol—needed for cell membranes but will clog your arteries

  12. Proteins • Made up of C,H,O and N • Jobs are to provide STRUCTURE & SUPPORT and to SPEED UP REACTIONS • Monomer unit is the amino acid • Examples: • Enzymes • Keratin (hair, nails, horns) • Collagen (in muscles & tendons—stretching) • Antibodies (immune system) • Insulin (break down sugar)

  13. Proteins • Dipeptide -2 amino acids linked by a covalent bond called a peptide bond • Polypeptides-chains of three or more amino acids linked together (usually very long) • Proteins are usually one or more polypeptides.

  14. Nucleic Acids • Made up of C,H,O,N & P • STORES AND TRANSMITS GENETIC INFO • Monomer unit is the Nucleotide • Examples • DNA—Deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA—Ribonucleic acid

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