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Biology EOC Highlight Review

Study essential biology concepts from observation to cell structures, chemical reactions, organic compounds, and macromolecules. Includes details on cell theory, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and cellular organization.

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Biology EOC Highlight Review

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  1. Biology EOC Highlight Review Courtesy of Mr. S. Russillo, with some adaptations…

  2. Biology is a Science • Observation vs Inference • Experimental Design • Independent variable • Dependent variable • Controlled variable • Graphing rules • Use math to analyze data • Use tools to measure (in metrics!)

  3. Characteristics of Life • Made of one or more cells • Display organization • Grow and develop • Reproduce • Respond to stimulus • Require energy • Maintain homeostasis • Adaptations evolve over time

  4. Viruses • Not considered living things • Pathogens that can mutate to resist vaccines • Acellular • Require a host cell to reproduce • Ex. HIV, Influenza, Smallpox

  5. Review of Matter • Elements vs Compounds • Atoms vs Molecules • Subatomic particles • Atomic number • Atomic mass • Ion • Isotopes • Bonds • Ionic • Covalent • Hydrogen

  6. Chemical Reactions • Reactants • Products

  7. Enzymes • Catalysts in living things • Specific to a particular substrate • Reusable • Affected by temperature and pH (denatured)

  8. Enzymes reduce activation energy

  9. Water • Necessary for life • Polar covalent bond: polar molecule • Properties: • Universal solvent • Density of ice • Adhesion • Cohesion • Holds onto a considerable amount of heat

  10. Water Cycle

  11. pH • Water molecules naturally dissociate (fall apart) • Acids: more H+ than OH-, pH 1-6 • Bases: more OH- than H+ pH 8-12

  12. Organic Compounds • All living things are made of organic compounds. • Contain the element Carbon

  13. Why carbon? • Can make 4 covalent bonds • Can bond to itself and a variety of other elements • Can make a variety of shapes • Can make chains of varying lengths

  14. Other important elements in living things • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Phosphorus • Nitrogen • Sulfur

  15. Macromolecules • Large molecules: built of subunits (monmers) • Four classes: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

  16. Built by dehydration synthesis (condensation) • Broken down by hydrolysis

  17. Carbohydrates • Monomer- monosaccharide • Function- energy source, storage, and structure • Tests: glucose-Benedicts starch- Iodine fructose • Ex. Cellulose, glycogen, starch

  18. Lipids • Made of fatty acids and glycerol • HYDROPHOBIC • Function- energy storage, insulation, hormones, and water proofing • Tests: brown paper test • Examples: fats, waxes and steroids Lipid vs. water

  19. Nucleic Acids • Monomer- nucleotide • Function- carry genetic information • Ex. DNA and RNA

  20. Proteins • Monomer- amino acids • Function- building and repairing cells, communication, enzymes, transport, and regulation • Tests- Biurets • Examples: enzymes, hemoglobin

  21. Carbon Cycle • Photosynthesis • Cellular Respiration • Decomposition • Combustion • Autotrophs • Heterotrophs

  22. Obtain energy from the environment Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis “Producers” Obtain energy from other living things “Consumers” Autotroph vs. Heterotroph

  23. Cell Theory • All living things are composed of one or more cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms • Cells arise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells

  24. Prokaryotes Simple, no membrane bound organelles Bacteria only One circular chromosome Includes: chromosome, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane SMALL Eukaryotes Membrane bound organelles Plants and Animals True nucleus containing chromosomes Cells

  25. Nucleus • “Control Center” • Contains chromosomes

  26. “Powerhouse” of the cell Produces energy in the form of ATP Site of Aerobic respiration MitochondriaSingular: Mitochondrion

  27. Site of photosynthesis Plant cells ONLY Contains the pigment chlorophyll Chloroplast

  28. Vacuole • Storage of excess materials: water, waste, nutrients • Plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

  29. Ribosomes • Proteins are synthesized • Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  30. Surrounds the cell Regulates what enters/leaves the cell Helps maintain homeostasis Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins (lipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model) Plasma Membraneaka: Cell Membrane

  31. Cell Wall • Plant and fungi and bacterial cells ONLY • Surrounds cell and provides support and protection. • Made of cellulose in plants (chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in bacteria)

  32. Extracellular features: movement through watery environment Cilia: hairs Flagella: tails

  33. Eukaryotes Plant Animal • Cell wall • Chloroplast • Large central vacuole

  34. Cell Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Individual organism

  35. cells develop to perform different functions Form directly related to function Regulated by genes: all have same genes, only certain ones are activated Cell Specialization

  36. Chemical Signals (hormones) can be sent from one cell to another Receptor proteins on the plasma membrane receive the signal Cell to Cell Communication

  37. Cells have needs • Need nutrients and oxygen • Need to remove wastes •  Cell transport • Substances must cross membrane  selective permeability • Active vs Passive

  38. Diffusion • Form of passive transport (NO ENERGY NEEDED) across a membrane • Solutes move from high concentration to low concentration

  39. Osmosis • Diffusion of water (also passive transport)

  40. Facilitated Diffusion • Also passive transport • Molecules move from high to low concentration • Require a channel protein

  41. Active Transport • Particles moving against the concentration gradient which REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) • Low concentration to high concentration • Requires transport protein

  42. Endocytosis • Exocytosis

  43. comparison Passive transport Active transport Molecules move from low to high Move against concentration gradient Maintains concentration differences Requires energy • Molecules move from high to low • Move WITH concentration gradient • Continues until dynamic equilibrium is reached • No energy required

  44. Energy storing molecule Can be used for quick energy by the cell Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds ATP

  45. Water and Carbon Dioxide used to produce Glucose and Oxygen H2O+CO2C6H12O6+O2 Occurs in the chloroplast Photosynthesis

  46. Used to release energy (ATP) for cellular use C6H12O6+O2H2O+CO2 Occurs in the mitochondria Aerobic Respiration

  47. Anaerobic Respirationaka Fermentation • Does not require Oxygen • also used to release energy, but not as efficient as aerobic respiration (less ATP) • Products include CO2 and lactic acid or alcohol • Two Types: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation

  48. Body systems

  49. DNA / RNA • Carry genetic information • Made of a chain of nucleotides • Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

  50. DNA Double stranded “Double Helix” Four base pairs: ATGC Sugar is Deoxyribose Found in nucleus RNA Single stranded Four base pairs: AUCG Sugar is Ribose DNA / RNA

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