The Cardiovascular System

1. The Cardiovascular System Chapter 17, 18, 19 The Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood Types

2. Blood

3. Components of BLOODAdd this chart into your notes.

5. PLASMA • Liquid portion of the blood. • Carries nutrients & other substances • Contains clotting factors, hormones, antibodies, dissolved gases, nutrients and waste

6. RED BLOOD CELLS Erythrocytes • Carry hemoglobin and oxygen. • Do not have a nucleus • Live only about 120 days. • Cannot repair themselves • Determine blood type

7. WHITE BLOOD CELLS Leukocytes • Fight infection • Formed in the bone marrow • Five types: • Neutrophils • Lymphocytes • Eosinophils • Basophils • Monocytes

8. PLATELETS Thrombocytes • Clot blood by sticking together – via protein fibers called fibrin. • These are cell fragment that are formed in the bone marrow

9. ABO BLOOD TYPES • Blood type is determines by the presence or absence of blood proteins called ANTIGENS located on the surface of the erythrocytes. • There are also ANTIBODIES on the surface of erythrocytes. • When incompatible blood proteins mix, agglutination (blood clumping) results.

10. BLOOD TYPES • There are 3 alleles that determine 4 blood types: • A (dominant) • B (dominant) • O (recessive) Type A = AA, Ao Type B = BB, Bo Type AB = AB Type O = oo

11. ABO blood groups http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oz4Ctau8mC8

12. Eucharistic Miracles • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6SH93arrIE

13. When Things Go Wrong: BLOOD Complete handout. Then cut & paste into NB.

14. The Closed Circulatory System • Humans have a closed circulatory system, typical of all vertebrates, in which blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. • The heart pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs. • Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.

15. Blood vessels

17. BLOOD VESSELS 3 TYPES Arteriesarterioles • Take blood away from the heart • 3 layers thick VeinsVenules • Returns blood to the heart • 3 layers thick • Contain VALVES to prevent backflow of blood Capillaries • One cell layer thick • Form “capillary beds” • Where gas exchange occurs • O2 leaves capillaries and enters body cells • CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration, enters capillaries

18. BLOOD VESSELS Three layers of blood vessels: • Tunica intima (all types of BV) • Innermost layer • Single thin layer of endothelium • Provides a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow • The only tunic of capillaries

19. BLOOD VESSELS 2)Tunica media (arteries & veins) • Bulky middle coat • Contains smooth muscle and elastin • The only tunic that plays an active role in blood pressure regulation • Tunica externa (arteries & veins) • Outermost layer • Supporting, protective coat • Also called the adventitia

20. THREE LAYERS OF BLOOD VESSELS

21. *Yellow = must know for quiz VEINS • vertebral • brachiocephalic • superior vena cava • brachial • inferior vena cava • renal • radial • common iliac • internal iliac • CROSS OUT • posterior tibial 12. internal jugular 13.subclavian 14. axillary 15. cephalic 16. hepatic 17. median cubital 18.ulnar 19.femoral 20. popliteal 21. CROSS OUT 22.anterior tibial

22. ARTERIES 12. internal carotid 13. common carotid 14. subclavian 15. axillary 16. celiac trunk 17. superior mesenteric 18. ulnar 19. external iliac 20. femoral 21. posterior tibial • external carotid • vertebral • brachiocephalic • brachial • renal • aorta • radial • common iliac • internal iliac • popliteal • anterior tibial

23. When Things Go Wrong: BLOOD VESSELS Complete handout. Then cut & paste into NB.

24. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) • Average blood pressure in aorta • MAP=CO x PR • CO is amount of blood pumped by heart per minute • CO=SV x HR • SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat • HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute • Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and maximum CO • PR is total resistance against which blood must be pumped

25. Factors Affecting MAP

26. THE HEART

27. INTERNAL 1. SA node 2. AV node 3. AV bundle (Bundle of His) 4. Bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers 6. Pulmonary valve 7. Aortic valve 8. Mitral (bicuspid) valve 9. Tricuspid valve RIGHT side LEFT side

28. EXTERNAL Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Aorta Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Coronary circulation Apex Ligamentumarteriosum 8. Mitral (bicuspid) valve 9. Tricuspid valve

29. The HEART • Cardiac muscle tissue • Highly interconnected cells • FOUR chambers • Right atrium • Right ventricle • Left atrium • Left ventricle

31. Function of the Heart Valves

32. Blood Flow Through Heart

33. Circuits • Pulmonary Circulation • The blood pathway between the right side of the heart, to the lungs, and back to the left side of the heart. • Systemic Circulation • The pathway between the heart and the rest of the body

34. Coronary Circulation • From RIGHT side of heart • To outer muscle of heart • Back to LEFT side of heart

35. Size, Shape, Location of the Heart • Size of a closed fist • Shape • Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone • Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone • Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum

36. Pericardium

37. Heart Wall • Three layers of tissue • Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart • Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting • Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

38. Heart Wall

39. Systemic and PulmonaryCirculation

40. Heart Skeleton • Consists of plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles • Fibrous rings around valves to support • Serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles • Provides site for muscle attachment

41. Cardiac Muscle • Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei • Contains actin and myosin myofilaments • Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts • Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials • Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit

42. Conducting System of Heart

43. Electrical Properties • Resting membrane potential (RMP) present • Action potentials • Rapid depolarization followed by rapid, partial early repolarization. Prolonged period of slow repolarization which is plateau phase and a rapid final repolarization phase • Voltage-gated channels

44. Action Potentials inSkeletal and Cardiac Muscle

45. SA Node Action Potential

46. Refractory Period • Absolute: Cardiac muscle cell completely insensitive to further stimulation • Relative: Cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation • Long refractory period prevents tetanic contractions

47. Electrocardiogram • Action potentials through myocardium during cardiac cycle produces electric currents than can be measured • Pattern • P wave • Atria depolarization • QRS complex • Ventricle depolarization • Atria repolarization • T wave: • Ventricle repolarization

48. Cardiac Arrhythmias • Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm • Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm • Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration • Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people

49. Alterations in Electrocardiogram

50. Cardiac Cycle • Heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half • Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers • Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure. • Contraction of heart produces the pressure