Understanding Morphology: Word Formation and Structure

1. Morphology LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin

2. Table of Content At the end of this chapter you will know: • Morphemes • Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes • Derivation • Inflection • Phenomenon/Processes • Compounding • Morphophonemics

3. Morphemes Free, bound morphemes Allomorphs

4. Morphology • Morphology: • The analysis of word . • The system of categories and rules involved in ______________ and ___________

5. Main Divisions of Word Classes (Parts of Speech): • Content Words • Function Words • Nouns • Verbs • Adjectives • Adverbs • Conjunctions • Prepositions • Articles (or det.) • Pronouns

6. Word and Morpheme • Word: the smallest ___________ • Word simple and complex • E.g. • Morpheme: the smallest _________ ______ • Morpheme  free and bound • E.g.

7. Analysing Word Structure Root, affix Base Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes

8. Affixation • Prefix: An affix that is attached to the _____ ___ of a base, • Ex. • Suffix: An affix that is attached to the _______ of a base. • Ex.

9. Affixation • Infix: An affix that occur __________a base • Ex. (in Indonesian) s-in-ambung. • Confix (Circumfix/Ambifix): An affix that is attached to ________________ of a base simultaneously • Ex.(in Indonesian) ke-lapar-an. • Interfix, simulfix, superfix, and transfix.

10. Examples of English Affixes • -able • -ing • -ish • -ize • Anti- • Ex- • Re- • In-

11. SUFFIXOCATING !!! • Can you find the different affixes in this cartoon? • What are the meanings of each?

12. Derivation English derivational affixes Complex derivation Constraints in derivation Two classes of derivational affixes

13. Derivation • An affixational process that forms a word with a __________and/or _________ _ _________from that of it’s base. • Ex:

14. Examples of English Derivational Affixes • See pages 117.

15. Derivation • Illustrated through trees: N V V Af A Af treat ment modern ize

16. Some examples of English Derivational Morpheme • -ic : Noun  Adj ; alcohol  alcoholic • -ly : Adj  Adv ; exact  exactly • -ate : Noun  Verb ; vaccin  vaccinate • -ity : Adj  Noun ; active  activity • -ship : Noun  Noun ; friend  friendship • re- : Verb  Verb ; cover  recover

17. Complexe Derivations Words with several layers of structure • Activation: N V A V Af Af Af Act ive ate ion

18. Constraints on Derivation • The suffix –ant Contest  contestant Defend  defendant Hunt  *Huntant  Hunter WHY? The suffix –ant can combine only with ____________________.

19. Constraints on Derivation • The suffix –en white  whiten dark  darken green  *greenen WHY? The suffix –en can combine only a ___________ base that ends in an obstruent (pp. 149–150).  largen ? How about large ? The suffix –en can combine only a ___________ ________base that ends in an _________ (Kwary, 2004).

20. Inflection Inflection Inflections in English

21. Inflection • The modification of a word’s form to _________ the __________________to which it belongs • Ex:

22. English Inflectional Morphemes Nouns –s plural –’s possessive Verbs –s third person singular present –ed past tense –en past participle –ing progressive Adjectives –er comparative –est superlative

23. Inflection vs. derivation

24. It changes the ______ and/or the ____of meaning of the word, so it is said to create ____ __ _____. Ex. It does not change either the _____ _ _______ or the ____ _________ found in the word. Ex. Derivation vs. Inflection (1)

25. Derivation vs. Inflection (2) • A derivational affix must combine with the base _____ an inflectional affix. e.g. neighbour (base) + hood (DA) + s (IA) = neighbourhoods The following combination is unacceptable: neighbour (base) + s (IA) + hood (DA) = *neighbourshood

26. Derivation vs. Inflection (3) • An inflectional affix in more ___________than a derivational affix. e.g. the inflectional suffix –s can combine with virtually any noun to form a plural noun. On the other hand, the derivational suffix –ant can combine only with Latinate bases.

27. Word Formation Compounding Conversion Clipping Blends Backformation Acronyms Onomatopoeia Eponyms

28. 1. Compounding • Definition: Two or more words ___________________to form a new word. • Examples:

29. Properties of compounds • Properties of compounds • Lexical category • Stress • Plural

30. Endocentric vs Exocentric Compounds Note: The meaning of a compound is not always _____________________________. • Coconut oil  oil made from coconuts. • Olive oil  oil made from olives. • Baby oil  • blue-movies  • blue-chip  oil for babies NOT oil made from babies

31. 2. Conversion • Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new ____________________. • Examples: butter (N)  to butter the bread permit (V)  an entry permit empty (A)  to empty the litter-bin

32. Verbing Taking Nouns and Adjectives and using them as verbs (and conjugating them).

33. 3. Clipping • Definition: Shortening a ___________ by ______________________ • Examples:

34. 4. Blends • Definition: Similar to compounds, but _____ _______________ are deleted. • Examples:

35. Is this a blend?

36. Case Study: Blends or Compunds • ‘Wild-haired revolutionaries like Che Guevara have been replaced by clean-cut metrosexual icons like soccer star David Beckham and musician Ricky Martin.’ (cbsnews.com, 25th November 2003). • ‘No botox for the Retrosexual. No $1,000 haircuts. The retrosexual man eats red meat heartily and at times kills it himself.’ (The Washington Dispatch, 2nd May 2004). • Another recent coinage borne out of the current preoccupation with male stereotyping is the noun and adjective technosexual. (Macmillan Online, January 2005).

37. 5. Back-formations • Definition: a process that creates a new word by __________a _______________from another word in the language. • Examples: • editor (1649)  edit (1791) • television (1907)  televise (1927)

38. 6. Acronyms • Definition: Words derived from the ______of several words • Examples: • severe acute respiratory syndrome  SARS • Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus  SCUBA

39. 7. Onomatopoeia • Definition: Words created to __________ the thing that they name.

40. 8. Eponyms • Definition: Words derived from ______________________. • Examples:

41. Morphophonemics

42. Morphophonemics • “Pronunciation can be sensitive to ______________ factors” • Example: English Plural • Allomorphs pronounsed: /-s/, /-z/, /-əz/ • The pronunciation of the suffix « –s » depends on the phonetic context. • Ex: • www.pearsoned.ca/ogrady