Imperialism (1875-1914)

3. Imperialism (1875-1914) • The policy of conquering and ruling other lands. • Britain had the largest empire in the history of the world. • Cecil Rhodes endeavored to bring as much of Africa as he could under British colonial rule. • from the Cape in South Africa to Cairo in Egypt.

6. Motives For Imperialism

7. Causes of Imperialism 1. Economic competition for markets & raw materials • Industrial Revolution =Looking for cheap raw material for the production of new manufactured goods.

8. Causes of Imperialism 2. National Pride • Britain, France, Dutch, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Italy, the US, Japan all countries competed with one another for colonies and more power. • The holdings of colonies was seen as a measure of national stature

9. Causes of Imperialism: 3. Belief in European Superiority: Racism • Social Darwinism: • developed wealth and success by Charles Darwin • Evolution and “survival of the fittest” were applied to human society • Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were superior to others

10. Causes of Imperialism • Religion • Missionaries believed that they were helping by spreading their religion. They wanted to “civilize” the natives. • They tended to fight for the end of the slave trade. By the 1890s ST had ended

11. People Loved the Idea of Imperialism • Books were written exaggerating the tales of adventure to be found in the colonies. • Newspapers competed for readers by hiring reporters to travel the world in search of “true life adventures.” • Even novels and poetry inflated the grand ideas of imperialism. • Joseph Rudyard Kipling

12. Warm Up: Motives of Imperialism • What is Imperialism? • What was the driving force for imperialism that started in England in the mid 1700s? • What were the causes of imperialism? • What is Social Darwinism?

13. Imperialism in Africa

14. Forces of ImperialismTechnological Advantages over Africa: • Superior weapons • Railroads, cables, steamships • Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria • 1879: Henry Stanley claimed most of the Congo River valley in the name of the Belgian king. The colony was 80 times larger than Belgium.

15. Forces of ImperialismFactors Making Africa Vulnerable: • Africans’ great diversity of languages and cultures • Ethnic rivalries • Lower level of technology, including weapons

16. Imperialism: Scramble for Africa(1875-1900) • Berlin Conference (1884 and 1885) • representatives of 14 countries met in Berlin to decide how to divide up Africa without a war. No African leaders were present at the meeting. • Any European country could claim land in Africa by sending troops to occupy strategic points that assured control of nearby areas. • Outcomes: • Random distribution of African ethnic & linguistic groups among European nations • Transformation of the way of life of Africans • Unnaturally imposed national boundaries • North Africa • Britain is determined to defend or guard the Suaz Canal. They take over Egypt and make it a protectorate ( ruled by 1other country) They also take over Sudan and make it a condominium. (ruled by 2other countries)

18. Division of AfricaClash in South Africa: • Zulus • Shaka – created large centralized state • Successors unable to keep together against British superior arms – British invaded 1879 • Fell to British control in 1887 • Boers (Dutch) – a.k.a. Afrikaners • 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa • but when gold and diamonds were found there the British wanted their land. • British • Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s – clashed with Boers over British policy regarding land & slaves

19. Division of AfricaBoer War (1899-1910): • Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s & 1880s • Boers launched commando raids & used guerilla tactics • British burned farms & imprisoned women & children • Britain finally won • Outcome: • Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa controlled by British (1910)

20. African Imperialism • Several of the countries were left intact to be controlled by outside governments. • Others were simply wiped out and old borders removed with new ones put in place by the European conquerors. • Only 2 countries remained free in Africa due to their alliances. • Liberia, which was founded by former slaves from the US • Ethiopia, which stood as a buffer state. They maintained their independence by defeating the invading Italians

21. Colonial Rule • Europeans wanted Africans to work the mines and plantations • At first they used superior weapons to force Africans into work crews, but later they used taxes. In order to accrue the money to pay taxes Africans had to work for Europeans. • Tax money went to European style education, better health care, improved farming methods for the EUROPEANS. Africans were made second class citizens. • To prevent revolts Europeans encouraged rivalries among ethnic groups. As long as the Africans were divided they could be controlled

22. Colonial Rule • Europeans limited education for Africans. • Rather than train Africans, they often brought in Indians, Chinese, and other Asians to handle jobs requiring special skills. • Paternalism: Europeans governed people in a parental way by providing for their needs but not giving them rights. • To accomplish this, the Europeans brought their own bureaucrats and did not train local people in European methods of governing. • 1912 a group of black South Africans formed the African National Congress to seek political rights and greater freedom.

23. Effects of Imperialism on Africa • Large scale loss of life through resistance efforts, disease, and famines that spread as a result of Africans switching from subsistence farming to cash crops • Break down of traditional cultures • Problem ridden artificial borders that did not account for kinship groups and rival chiefdoms. These borders later became the borders for many African countries today.

24. Positive effects • Reduced local warfare • Humanitarian efforts in some colonies improved sanitation and provided hospitals and schools. • As a result, life-spans increased and literacy rates improved. • To aid the economic growth, railroads, dams, and telephone and telegraph lines were built in African colonies • For the most part, these benefited only European business interests, not Africans’ lives.

26. Warm Up: Imperialism in Africa • Who are the Boers? • What is paternalism as a form of imperialism? • Why did Europeans meet at the Berlin Conference? • What was the result of the Berlin Conference? • How did imperialism effect the borders in Africa? What occurred as a result of this?

27. Imperialism in India

28. British control India • The Mughal empire had been able to keep British traders under control, but as it collapsed so did its control. • The East India Company became a leading power in India and took over control of the country. The British government did little since they were making money.

29. Sepoy = Indian soldier India: “Jewel in the Crown” • In 1857, there was a great rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny) by the Hindu and Muslim soldiers. The British government was able to quell it. • The British government then assumed direct control of the country. • It was the most valuable of all of the British colonies. • Raj: is used to refer to the period of Indian history during which India was dominated by the British

30. Positive effects on India • Britain led India into the 20th century by building railroads, canals, telegraph wires, and other new modern things. • The British also built schools, improved sanitation, and put an end to local warfare

31. Negative effects on India • the British held much of the political and economic power. The British restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles. • The conversion to cash crops reduced food production, causing famines in the late 1800s • The increased presence of missionaries and the racist attitude of most British officials threatened traditional Indian life

33. Nationalism in India • Indians felt they were being mistreated in their own country and were made to do all the work themselves. • 2 groups, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim league, were formed in response to the growing sense of discord in 1906. • These groups started to make demands on the British government for more control over their own country.

34. Warm Up: Imperialism in India • What does Raj refer to? • Who is a Sepoy? • What were the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion? • What were the effects/results of the Sepoy Rebellion? • What were the positive and negative effects of imperialism on India? • What was the nickname of India? Why?

36. How is imperialism in Africa similar to imperialism in India? How is it different? • Differences Similiarities

37. Imperialism in Southeast Asia

38. French Control of IndochinaHow Brought Under Control: • Missionaries were killed in Vietnam • French army invaded Vietnam • Combined it with Laos and Cambodia

39. The French control Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia • They use direct colonial management • the French themselves filled all important positions in the government bureaucracy. • They did not encourage local industry. Four times as much land was devoted to rice production. • However, the peasants’ consumption of rice decreased because much of the rice was exported. Anger over this reduction set the stage for Vietnamese resistance against the French.

40. Impact of Colonization in Southeast Asia • Europeans industrialized the region • Sanitation and education improved • ↓ of local industries • Less food for peasants • Many people ____________ to the region from Asia to work on the plantations and in the mines • The region became a melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists. • cultural changes often led to racial and religious clashes that are still seen today.

41. Imperialism in China

42. Europeans Control China • China believed itself to be the center of the universe and believed all others in the world to be barbarians. • China refused to open all but one port to trade with Westerners. • European merchants were desperate to find a product that China wanted. • Opium turned out to be that magic product.

43. Opium War (1839-1842) • China went to war to try and stop the continued importation of opium into its country • the British navy won the wars. • The Treaty of Nanking (1843) • Ended the Opium War • marked the first of many treaties with China in which it would lose more power over its own governmental policies.

45. Interaction with WesternersOpium War (China): • Treaty of Nanking Results & Effects: • Chinese defeat & humiliation • Cession of Hong Kong to Britain • Continuation of opium trade • Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens • Under these rights foreigners were not subject to Chinese law • Chinese resentment against foreigners

46. Other nations established spheres of influence in the nation as well. In essence china was cut up and split btwn Britain, Japan, Russia, France, and Germany. • Sphere of Influence: an area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment. • However China technically remained free. • US proposed the “Open Door Policy” in which China’s doors are open to US and European merchants.

47. Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion (China): • Setting the Stage: • Population provided major challenge growing 30% in only 60 years

48. Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion (China): • Causes: • Hunger/starvation caused by inability to feed enormous population • Increasing opium addiction • Poverty • Nationalism begins to grow as a result of the humiliation China faces.

49. Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion (China): • Results & Effects: • 1853-1864 • Rebellion put down by an international force • Restoration of Qing to power (with help of British and French forces) • 20 million people died