Chapter One Notes: Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body Mrs. Hasseler

1. Chapter One Notes: Introduction to the Structure and Function of the BodyMrs. Hasseler

2. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?fsaall,brum,detr,swann,look,gottscho,pan,horyd,genthe,var,cai,cd,hh,yan,lomax,ils,prok,brhc,nclc,matpc,iucpub,tgmi,lamb,hec,krb:37:./temp/~pp_BOdt::displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3a17792:@@@mdb=fsaall,brum,detr,swann,look,gottscho,pan,horyd,genthe,var,cai,cd,hh,yan,lomax,ils,prok,brhc,nclc,matpc,iucpub,tgmi,lamb,hec,krbhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/I?fsaall,brum,detr,swann,look,gottscho,pan,horyd,genthe,var,cai,cd,hh,yan,lomax,ils,prok,brhc,nclc,matpc,iucpub,tgmi,lamb,hec,krb:37:./temp/~pp_BOdt::displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3a17792:@@@mdb=fsaall,brum,detr,swann,look,gottscho,pan,horyd,genthe,var,cai,cd,hh,yan,lomax,ils,prok,brhc,nclc,matpc,iucpub,tgmi,lamb,hec,krb

3. I. Introduction • Anatomy -study of the body’s structure; • “ana” means up • “tomos” means cutting • anatomy means cutting up.

4. B. Physiology-the study of the functions of the body and its parts. • “Physis” –nature • “logos”- study

5. C. pathology- the scientific study of disease.

6. II. Levels of Organization A. Chemical level-atoms & molecules B. Organelle level-”tiny organs” within a cell that perform specific functions. C. Cellular level-the basic living unit-differentiated to perform different functions. D. Tissue level-large groups of cells w/ similar structure & function

7. E. Organ level-a structure of several tissues w/ a special function F. System level-groups of organs acting together to perform complex functions for the body. G. Organism level-a complete living thing.

8. III. “Is that all there is?” • Look at the diagram on p. 3. Is there anything missing? • What is man? 1. Man is made in the image of God & has the “breath of life” Genesis 1:27; Genesis 2:7 2. Man is more than a physical body; he has soul and spirit I Thessalonians 5:23; Hebrews 4:12

9. 3. The physical is important, but not the most important Colossians 3:1-2; II Peter 1:14 4. The body, soul, and spirit are interrelated. Proverbs 15:13

10. Body Mind Spirit

11. IV. Anatomical Position Standing, head & feet forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward

12. http://i175.photobucket.com/albums/w155/nursingassistant/anatom1.jpghttp://i175.photobucket.com/albums/w155/nursingassistant/anatom1.jpg

13. (sneak this in your notes!) • Supine-lying face up • Prone-lying face down

14. V. Anatomical Directions A. Superior- toward the head; upper, above B. Inferior- toward the feet; lower, below C. Anterior- the front; in front of *means the same as ventral D. Posterior- the back; in back of *means the same as dorsal E. Medial- toward midline

15. F. Lateral- away from midline; toward the side G. Proximal- nearest the trunk or point of origin H. Distal- farthest from the trunk or point of origin I. Superficial- nearer to the surface of the body J. Deep- farther away from the body surface

16. VI. Body Cavities http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/GCaplan/anat/Notes/Image561.gif

17. A. Ventral Cavity 1. Thoracic cavity- chest: has 3 divisions a. Mediastinum- the middle section; contains the trachea, heart, and great blood vessels b. Plueral cavities- contains the R & L lungs c. Diaphragm- the muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

18. 2. Abdominopelvic cavity a. Abdominal cavity- contains the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestines, parts of large intestines b. Pelvic cavity- contains the sigmoid colon, rectum, bladder, and reproductive organs

19. B. Dorsal Cavity 1. Cranial cavity- contains the brain 2. Spinal cavity- contains the spinal cord

20. VII. Body Planes http://img.tfd com/dorland/thu mbs/plane.jpg

21. A. Sagittal plane- lengthwise from front to back; divides body into R & L sides B. Midsagittal plane- divides body into equal R & L sides C. Frontal plane- lengthwise from side to side; divides to anterior and posterior portions *same as coronal plane D. Transverse plane- crosswise plane; divides body into upper and lower portions * same as horizontal plane

22. VIII. Body Regions • Nine Regions R hypochondriac region Epigastric region L hypochondriac region Umbilical region L lumbar region R lumbar region R iliac region (or inguinal) Hypogastric region L iliac region (or inguinal)

23. B. Quadrants http://www.edward.org/AEImages/adam04/graphics/images/en/19578.jpg

24. C. Axial region- the head, neck, & trunk (torso) D. Appendicular region-upper & lower extremities and their connections

25. http://www.encognitive.com/images/skeletal-system.jpg

26. IX. The Balance of Body Functions • Homeostasis-the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions despite changes in either the internal or external environment. All systems are involved in maintaining or restoring homeostasis. • Feedback loop 1. sensor-identifies a deviation from normal body condition and generates a signal (either a nerve impulse or hormone) 2. control center-(usually the brain) receives, analyzes, and integrates signals and then sends its own signal. 3. effector-muscles or glands that control physiological variables (heart rate, blood pressure, etc.). They produce a change in body condition.

27. Body Condition 1. sensor 3. Effector 2. Control center

28. B. Negative feedback loops- Produce an action that is opposite to the change that activated the system; inhibitory-stops a change. They stabilize, maintain homeostasis, and are more common. C. Positive feedback loops- amplify or accelerate a change; it brings a process to swift completion. It can result in instability, can be harmful, but still important. Less common. Ex: childbirth, sneezing, blood clotting, immune response. • ***Know the terms on p.12 Table 1-2

29. Adapted from The Human Body in Health and Disease. Thibodeau, Gary A. & Patton, Kevin T. Mosby, 2005