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Introduction to the Structure & Function of the Body

Learn anatomy, physiology, homeostasis, and body planes in health science EQ 8. Explore structural organization levels and systems coordination for body functions.

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Introduction to the Structure & Function of the Body

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  1. Introduction to the Structure & Function of the Body • Health Science

  2. EQ 8: • Word Wall Outline basic concepts of normal structure and function of all body systems, and explain how homeostasis is maintained Objective: Define the elements of the human body structure. Understand directional terms and label the body planes and cavities.

  3. BellworkMatch the words • A. Not eating. • Inability to communicate through • speech. • C. Chewed up morsel of food ready to • be swallowed • D. When the heart stops beating and • circulation ceases Bolus Aphasia Cardiac Arrest Aphagia

  4. Vocabulary • Anatomy- The study of the structure of an organism & the relationship of its parts. • Physiology- The study of functions of living organisms & their parts.

  5. Vocabulary • Pathology- The scientific study of disease.

  6. Structural Levels of Organization • The body is made up of trillions of smaller structures • Chemical level- atoms & molecules • Cells- the smallest “living” units of structure & function.

  7. Structural Levels of Organization • Tissues- an organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a common function. • Organs- group of several different kinds of tissue arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a special function.

  8. Structural Levels of Organization • Systems- organization of varying numbers & kinds of organs arranged so that they can together perform complex functions for the body.

  9. The Balance of Body Functions • All cellular reactions that sustain life together make up metabolism, which can be divided into catabolism and anabolism.

  10. The Balance of Body Functions • Catabolism- occurs when a complex substance (like the nutrients from food) are broken down into smaller molecules with the release of energy.

  11. The Balance of Body Functions • Catabolism- This energy is stored in the compound ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for use by the cells.

  12. The Balance of Body Functions • All systems work together to maintain life. This state of balance is called homeostasis. • You can think of it as“Body Harmony.”

  13. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Anatomical Position- the body in an erect (standing) position with the arms down, by the sides and palms facing forward. The head and feet also point forward.

  14. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Anatomical Position

  15. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Supine- lying face upward

  16. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Prone- lying face down

  17. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Superior - toward the head, upper or above

  18. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Inferior - toward the feet, lower or below

  19. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Anterior - front, in front of

  20. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Posterior - back, in back of

  21. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Medial- toward the midline of the body

  22. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Lateral- toward the side of the body, away from the midline

  23. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Proximal- toward or nearest the trunk of the body, nearest the point of origin

  24. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Distal- away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of a body part

  25. Planes/ Divisions of the Body

  26. Assignment • Write 1 sentence for each of the following directional terms: - Superior - Medial - Anterior - Inferior - Lateral - Posterior Example: “The head is superior to the neck.” (You cannot use this example. You must use DIFFERENT organs or body parts for each directional term.)

  27. Directional Terms Superior - The eyes are superior to the mouth. - The belly button is superior to the bladder. - The knee is superior to the foot. Inferior - The toes are inferior to the brain. - The heel is inferior to the hip. - The heart is inferior to the mouth.

  28. Directional Terms Medial - The nose is medial to the ear. - The breast bone is medial to the lungs. - The pinky is medial to the thumb. (Anatomical Position) Lateral - The shoulder blade is lateral to the spine. - The collar bone is lateral to the esophagus. - The ribs are lateral to the sternum

  29. Directional Terms Anterior - The teeth are anterior to the throat. - The ribs are anterior to the spine. - The knee is anterior to the calf. Posterior - The buttocks are posterior to the abdomen. - The triceps are posterior to the biceps. - The kidneys are posterior to the diaphragm.

  30. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Superficial- nearer to the surface • Deep- farthest away from the body surface

  31. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Sagittal- divides the body, or any of its parts, into left and right sides

  32. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Sagittal Plane

  33. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Frontal (Coronal) Plane- divides the body, or any of its parts, into front & back sides (anterior & posterior).

  34. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • Transverse Plane- divides the body, or any of its parts, into upper & lower parts (superior & inferior)

  35. Planes/ Divisions of the Body • The anatomical planes together

  36. Medical Terminology Know the following terms: - Antebrachial: forearm - Antecubital: depressed area in the anterior elbow.

  37. Medical Terminology Descriptive Terms & Body Regions - Axillary: armpit - Buccal: cheek - Brachial: arm

  38. Medical Terminology Descriptive Terms & Body Regions - Digital: fingers, toes - Carpal: wrist - Cephalic: head

  39. Medical Terminology Descriptive Terms & Body Regions - Cubital: elbow - Cutaneous: skin - Plantar: sole of the foot

  40. Medical Terminology Also.... - Hypo- below - Hyper - above - Gastr - stomach

  41. Body Cavities • The body is not a solid structure. It is made up of open spaces known as “cavities” that contain internal organs.

  42. Body Cavities VentralCavity The muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity is called the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the most important muscle for breathing.

  43. Body Cavities Ventral Cavity The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 9 regions

  44. Body Cavities The 9 regions of the Abdominopelvic cavity

  45. Body Cavities Ventral Cavity The Abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into 4 quadrants.

  46. Body Cavities The 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

  47. Body Cavities • The second major cavity is the Dorsal cavity. This cavity includes the cranial cavity & the spinal cavity.

  48. Body Regions • 2 Subdivisions of the Body: Axial: head, neck & torso (trunk) Appendicular: upper & lower extremities

  49. Body Regions

  50. Body Systems & Functions • Integumentary System- protective covering of the body. • Skeletal System- framework of the body. • Muscular System- provides body movement.

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