I. The Neofreudians

1. I. The Neofreudians • Many of Freud’s followers joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. This society, led by Freud, focused on Freud’s view of personality. • Freud fought vehemently with anyone who challenged his views. • Several members of the group, left to form their own views of personality (schools, associations).

2. Neofreudian criticisms of Freud’s theory: • 1. Rejected idea that adult personality is completely formed by 5- or 6-years old. • 2. Argued that Freud’s focused too much on biological instincts (ignored social factors.) • 3. Rejected overall negative tone of theory.

3. III. Carl Jung (1875-1961) • Born in Switzerland, the son of a Protestant • Minister, Jung was a quiet, introspective child who kept to himself. • Pondered the nature of dreams & visions he experienced. • Jung earned his M.D. degree in 1900 & went on to study schizophrenia, consciousness, & hypnosis. • He became interested in Freud after reading The Interpretation of Dreams.

4. Jung • Jung & Freud met in 1907 & became close colleagues. • Jung formally left Freud’s group in 1913. • Jung spent the next 7 years in intense introspection—led to his theory of personality.

5. A. The Collective Unconscious • There are common themes & experiences that all people in all cultures experience. • Religion: Monotheism • Christianity– God • Islam-Allah • Buddism--Budda

6. Mythology: Common themes across cultures (ancient, recent) • Hero & heroine • Dastardly villain • Naïve youth & wise old-age

7. Why do common themes appear across all cultures? • Jung argued we have a collective unconscious. • That is, we have unconscious thoughts & images that are innate, the same for all people, & passed on through genetics.

8. The collective unconscious is made up of primordial images. • These images called archetypes, are the universal symbolic images of a particular person, object, or experience. • E.g., the archetype of mother is in the child’s collective unconscious.

9. Types of archetypes: • 1. Anima – is the feminine side of a male (is repressed). • 2. Animus – is the masculine side of a female (is repressed). • A principle function of this archetype is to guide us in mate selection. Why???

10. Jung argued that we project our anima or animus onto potential partners. A man will fall for a woman who corresponds to his own unconscious image of femininity. The more someone matches our projected standards, the more we want to develop a relationship with that person.

11. 3. Shadow – Our dark side • This is the unconscious part of ourselves that is negative. • The shadow is located both in the personal unconscious (repressed) & collective unconscious (as evil). • Jung argued you couldn’t have good without evil. This concept is found throughout every culture. • We need to accept the shadow, so that we don’t project negativity onto members of the same sex.

12. Other common archetypes • Mother/Father Shining young knight Sun/Moon God/Devil Mandala (order—symbolized by square in a circle).

13. B. Psychological Types • Three dimensions: • 1. introversion versus extraversion • 2. thinking versus feeling • 3. sensations versus intuition

14. Type identification: • 1. First, determine if person is an introvert or extravert? This is the fundamental attitude of the individual. • 2. Second, assess which of 4 functions (thinking, feeling, sensation, or intuition) the person prefers (the dominant function). • These fundamental attitude is combined with the 4 functions if 8 possible ways.

15. What determines if a person is an extravert or introvert??? • Jung argued heredity determines whether the libido is direct “inward” or “outward.” • Jung believed this part of a person’s personality would remain stable throughout his/her life. • Current research supports this hypothesis. However, the concept of extraversion has been criticized.

16. The Four Functions • These describe the fundamental cognitive processes that we use to make & solve problems. • Do we emphasize logical thinking or emotional feeling? • How do we gather information on which to base those decisions?

17. Thinking and Feeling • Thinking & feeling are alternative ways of making value decisions or judgments. “Thinking” vs. “Feeling” Jung rejected the assumption that rational thought is superior to emotion. He argued that a healthy adult has a balance between thinking & emotion.

18. Sensation and intuition • These are complimentary ways of getting information about the world. • Sensation types – focuses on details & information that comes from the senses. These folks have difficulty seeing “big picture.” • Intuition types – have difficulty with details, see big picture (high among artistic & creative folks)

19. Measuring Jung’s types: • The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) gives scores for Introversion-extraversion & 4 paired functions (thinking-feeling & sensation-intuition). • It determines which of the 4 functions is dominant. • It does this by examining whether the external world is approached by a judging function (thinking or feeling, whichever is higher) or a perceiving function (sensation or intuition, whichever is higher).

20. Validity of MBTI • Research using the MBTI confirms that it is a reliable & valid measure that correlates with other psychological tests as one would expect (Campbell & Heller, 1987). • Certain scales have been questioned such as the extraversion scale (does it simply measure sociability, rather than generally turning energy outward).