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Exploring Animal Diversity: Characteristics and Phylogeny

Dive into the common traits of animals, from body plans to molecular data, and unravel the evolution of life with and without backbones. Understand animal reproduction, development, and body symmetry, and explore diverse animal phyla like Ecdysozoa and Deuterostomia. Discover the unique features of invertebrates like sponges, cnidarians, lophotrochozoans, and ecdysozoans. Uncover the defining characteristics of chordates, from notochords to pharyngeal slits, and delve into the fascinating world of arthropods. Explore the molecular and morphological aspects of animal phylogeny.

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Exploring Animal Diversity: Characteristics and Phylogeny

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  1. Chapter 32-34: Animal Diversity Objectives Define common characteristics amongst all animals Animals can be characterized by “body plans” Molecular data is providing new data for phylogeny Understand life without a backbone Understand life with a backbone

  2. What does it mean to be an animal? -Animals get food by; 1. Ingesting - Differs from absorption (Fungus) 2. Rely on other organism for food or are heterotrophic unlike plants -Animals are multicellular unlike protists 1. Specialized cells (nervous and muscular are not found in any other multicellular organism 2. Cells are held together by proteins (mostly collagen which is only found in animals) -Reproduction is mostly sexual with the 2n version dominating life -Development into layers - leads to organs and tissue -Some development includes a larval stage -sexually immature stage and undergoes metamorphosis -Use of Homeoboxes or gene regulatory genes are common to all animals - many have similar DNA sequences

  3. Body Plan: Set of morphological and developmental traits that work together as a whole. • *Research suggests gastrulation has remained unchanged for 500 million years but other aspects of body plans have changed. • Symmetty Tissue • Asymmetry = Sponges *Specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranes (Called Germ layers during • Radial Symmetry development) • Bilateral Symmetry -Dorsal -Ventral -Anterior -Posterior -Cephalization 1. Ectoderm = Surface of embryo = becomes outer covering and nervous system Endoderm = Inner surface = becomes inner wall of organs and digestive tract. Mesoderm = middle layer = becomes other organs and muscles between the digestive tract and outer layer -Organisms that only have endo and ecto are considered diploplasts -Organisms that have all three are considered triploblasts **All bilaterally symmetrical

  4. Body Cavities of Triploblasts -Coeloms prevent injury to organs -Allow organs to move and grow indpendently of outer shell -Humans are ?????

  5. Determinate Cleavage means cells are differentiated very early. Ex. Take one cell out and the organism will develop missing many parts and inviable Cells retain ability to turn into any type of cell Ex. Identical Twins in humans

  6. Points of agreement of the two: Kingdom is Monophyletic and all animals share a common ancestor Sponges branch from the base of both Clade opposite of Sponges (Eumetazoa) includes organisms with true tissue Most animals are in the Bilateria clade Chordates are Deuterostomes Morphological and Developmental Phylogenetic Tree Molecular Data Phylogenetic Tree

  7. Invertebrates: No Backbone • Sponges lack true tissue (Basal or outgroup) • Eumetazoans contain true tissues (derived Characteristics) • Bilateria contains organisms with bilateral symmetry, triploblastic development, most are coelomates and contain three major clades • Lophotrochozoa • Ecdysozoa • Deuterostomia (Deuterostome development and includes chordates and vertebrates)

  8. Sponges p. 670 -Thought to have been plants -Suspension Feeders -Water is drawn through pores and a current provided by the flagella -Ameobocytes take food particles to the rest of the cells

  9. Cnidarians (Jellyfish, Coral) -Simple diploblast radial body plan -Polyp adheres to something -Medusa free moving form -Carnivores -No brain but responds to stimuli from all directions

  10. Lophotrochozoans -Clade includes 18 phyla -Most diverse animal clade (very different body plans) -Clade is molecularly monophyletic Phylums include: -Tapeworms -Mulluscs (snails, slugs, mussels, clams, oysters, squids and octopuses) -Annelids (earth worms and leeches)

  11. Ecdysozoa a group defined by shedding of a tough external coat or molting. -The Arthropods: most species rich animal group Complete vs Incomplete metamorphosis • Common Characteristics of Arthropods • Exoskeleton and Molts • Well developed senses • Open circulatory system • Four major lineages -Spiders, ticks, mites -Millipedes and Centipedes -Insects -Crabs, lobsters, and shrimp

  12. Deuterostomia includes both Echinoderms and Chordates -Based mostly on Molecular data

  13. Derived Characteristics of Chordates Notochord - Present in all embryos and turns into backbone/vertebrae Presence of a hollow dorsal nerve chord that turns into the nervous system Presence of Pharyngeal slits Presence of post anal tail p. 734 for other derived characteristics

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