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America's Involvement in WWII: From Isolationism to Mobilization

Explore the journey of America from isolationism to active participation in World War II, including the Destroyer-for-Bases Deal, America First Committee, Lend-Lease Act, Pearl Harbor attack, and mobilization efforts. Witness the shift in public opinion and government actions shaping U.S. history during this crucial period.

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America's Involvement in WWII: From Isolationism to Mobilization

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  1. IV. U.S. Enters WWII.

  2. A. FDR Supports UK. 1. Destroyer-for-Bases Deal – 1940, FDR sends 50 destroyers to UK in exchange for U.S. bases on UK Colonies. Newfound- land Bermuda Caribbean islands DD-131 USS Buchanan, DD-134 USS Crowninshield and DD-193 USS Upshur at Halifax, Nova Scotia before given to Britain as part of the Destroyers for Bases Deal. • Despite the Neutrality Act of 1939, FDR supported the British with a destroyer-for-bases deal (Loophole in the Neutrality Act).  American public opinion still opposed to getting involved in war.

  3. 2. America First Committee – Isolationism. Charles Lindbergh speaking at an American First Rally.  In the middle of the isolationism debate, FDR was elected to a third term. • Members of the America First Committee included Charles Lindbergh; tried to influence elections & opinions with speeches and publications.

  4. B. Edging Towards War. 1. Lend-Lease Act (1940) – U.S. can lend or lease arms to any country “vital to the defense of the U.S.” President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs H.R. 1776, the lend-lease bill to give aid to Britain and China. • Weakened the Neutrality Act; Way of getting supplies to Eng w/o them paying. • FDR warned that if Britain fell, an “unholy alliance” of Germany, Italy, and Japan would conquer the world. •  Supplied over $40 billion in weapons, vehicles, and supplies to Allied efforts.

  5. Lend-Lease Supply Routes, from Newsweek, 12/6/43

  6. Amount of Lend-Lease materials, from Newsweek, 12/6/43

  7. 2. Atlantic Charter (1941) – FDR & Churchill pledge a world of democracy, nonaggression, & free trade. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet at Argentia, Newfoundland aboard HMS Prince of Wales during their 1941 secret meeting to develop the Atlantic Charter.

  8. C. Japan Attacks the U.S. 1. U.S. stops sales to Japan after they invade Manchuria, China. • July 1940, Congress passed the Export Control Act, allowing FDR to block the sale of scrap iron, steel, and oil (80% of Japanese oil came from the US). •  Furious, Japan signed alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming an Axis member.

  9. 2. December 7, 1941 – Japanese surprise attack U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The USS Arizona sinks during the Dec. 7, 1941 attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, • Angered by U.S. policies that aided Britain and an embargo on Japanese goods, Japanese attacked naval base at Pearl Harbor, forcing the U.S. into the war. •  Japan hoped its lighting strike at Pearl Harbor would destroy U.S. Pacific fleet. •  Unified the U.S. (up until now, most Americans wanted to stay neutral). • Attack brought the U.S. with its vast industrial and military resources into war. • The PI was also attacked (advanced toward Br colony of Singapore in Malaya). •  Singapore was British since 1819; Br surrendered to Japanese forces ½ the size.

  10. ► 2,402 Americans killed and 1,282 injured. ► 15 U.S. Navy ships and 188 planes damaged or destroyed.

  11. ► Nearly ½ of deaths from USS Arizona.

  12. The USS Arizona and memorial. Nearly half of the 2,402 killed were onboard the USS Arizona.

  13. a) FDR, “Dec 7, 1941, a date that will live in infamy…” “…Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date that will live in infamy…” -- President Franklin D. Roosevelt December 8, 1941 FDR signs the Declaration Of War against Japan. •  Did British know in advance of the Pearl Harbor attack?? •  U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany (4-days after Pearl Harbor attack). • By Spring of 1942, Japan defeated almost all of SE Asia and western Pacific. • In US, Japanese-Americans were attacked/had their homes & businesses burned.

  14. 16th Amendment(Congress to levy the Income Tax, 1913) • Applied to mostly the rich when ratified in 1913. • Extended to nearly everyone to finance WWII. • 1943, withholding system adopted to ensure collections.

  15. Ch. 12. U.S. & WWII (1941-45). Sec. I. Mobilizing for War.

  16. A. Converting the Economy. 1. Cost-Plus – Gov’t paid a company the cost of product plus % of profit. $ 51,000. (Cost in 1945) + $ 5,100. (10% profit) = $ 56,100. (Total) P-51 Mustang HALLIBURTON during the Iraq War  The U.S. gov’t encouraged and assisted industry by improving manufacturing for a wartime economy.  Getting bids was too slow.  More expensive for gov’t, but produced materials quickly.

  17. 2. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) – Gov’t loans to companies to convert for war production. a) Liberty Ship – cargo ship (welded). Built faster, but not as strong. • Auto manufacturers & shipyards made vehicles and other equipment for the war. • Tanks replace cars – also made artillery, rifles, bullets, mines, and helmets. •  Henry Ford created an assembly line for the B-24 bomber “The Liberator.” • Automotive industry build 8,600 aircraft and almost 1/3 of all military equipment made for the war.

  18. 3. War Production Board (WPB) – Set priorities & production goals; allocated raw materials. The War Production Board (WPB) Was established in 1942 by executive order of FDR. Its purpose was to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during WWII in the U.S. It rationed things as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber, and plastics. It was dissolved after WWII ended in 1945. • The WPB clashed with the military agencies. • WPB organized scrap metal drives. • WWII was a “Total War” involving everyone in America.

  19. U.S. Production chart, from Newsweek, 12/6/43

  20. The WPB also encouraged increased production.

  21. B. Building an Army. 1. Selective Service Training Act – 10 million drafted. President FDR signs the Selective Service Training Act in 1940. Still in effect today!!! • Despite barriers to full equality in the armed services, African Americans and women made unique contributions to the war effort. • Large number of draftees and volunteers overwhelmed training facilities and caused shortages.

  22. It's up to you not to heed the call-up'N' you must not act the way you were brought upWho knows the reasons why you have grown up?Who knows the plans or why they were drawn up?It's up to you not to heed the call-upI don't wanna die!It's up to you not to hear the call-upI don't wanna kill!For he who will dieIs he who will killMaybe I wanna see the wheatfieldsOver Kiev and down to the sea All the young people down the agesThey gladly marched off to dieProud city fathers used to watch themTears in their eyes There is a rose that I want to live forAlthough, God knows, I may not have met herThere is a dance an' I should be with herThere is a town - unlike any otherIt's up to you not to hear the call-up'N' you must not act the way you were brought upWho give you work an' why should you do it?At fifty five minutes past elevenThere is a rose...Yeah! “The Call Up”by The Clash

  23. 2. Segregated Army – African Americans were separated & denied rights. a) “Double V” campaign – Af-Am support war & get double victory against Hitler’s racism abroad & U.S. racism at home. THE GOLDEN THIRTEEN, first officers, March, 1944.

  24. The Tuskegee Airmen African Americans in Combat  Tuskegee Airmen (99th Pursuit Squadron) 1941, 1st Af-Am unit. (1943, squadron fought in North Africa, Sicily & Battle of Anzio, Italy).  332nd Fighter Group protected U.S. bombers on missions. (Flew 200 missions without losing a single bomber to enemy aircraft).  761st Tank Destroyer Battalion fought in Battle of the Bulge.  614th Tank Destroyer Battalion won 8 Silver Stars for distinguished service, 28 Bronze Stars, and 79 Purple Hearts.  Did not end segregation, but did help integrate military bases in 1943.  President Truman fully integrated the military in 1948 (three years after WWII).

  25. b) Enlistees – 500k Mexican Americans; over 1 mill African Americans; thousands of Asian Americans & Native Americans.

  26. Jose Mendoza Lopez was awarded the U.S.' highest military decoration for valor in combat — the Medal of Honor — for his heroic actions during the Battle of the Bulge, in which he single-handedly repulsed an German infantry attack, killing at least 100 enemy troops • 500,000 Hispanic Americans (400,000 Mexican Americans; 65,000 from Puerto Rico) served in the armed forces.  17 Mexican Americans received the Medal of Honor.

  27. So women could free up a male soldier 3. Women enlisted in Army for 1st time (no combat). a) Women’s Army Corp (WAC). <George Marshall>. b) 250K served; 6 mill work in war industries. WAC Air Controller, 1943.  Army slogan “Release a man for combat.” •  The WAC replaced the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corp only after one year. • WAV (Women’s Auxiliary Volunteers) – served within the U.S. • About 250,000 American women served in the WAC and WAV during WWII. • They were the first women other than nurses to serve with the Army.

  28.  Americans who went to war were not well trained, had no combat experience, but performed well in battle. U.S. soldiers issued M-14 assault rifle.

  29. Sec. II. Early Battles. A. The Pacific. U.S. Marines at the Battle of Iwo Jima, Feb & Mar of 1945.

  30. 1. Chester Nimitz – U.S. Navy Commander in the Pacific. USS Nimitz

  31. 2. Fall of the Philippines. a) Douglas MacArthur – U.S. General in Philippines retreated to Bataan Peninsula, PI, then to Australia.  A few hours after Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, they attacked airfields in the PI.  Bataan (PI, Jan-Apr 1942) – US & PI forces surrender due to no supplies; Diseases.  Bataan Death March – 7,500 soldiers died on the 65 mile march.

  32. 3. The Doolittle Raid (1942) – U.S. B-25 bombers from USS Hornet bombed Tokyo & landed in China. Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle and his crew on the USS Hornet April 1942. •  Doolittle Raid was the first counter-strike for Pearl Harbor attack. •  FDR wanted a way to raise U.S. morale. • Small damage; Huge boost in morale; crash landed in China; nearly 250K Chinese killed for revenge.

  33. Battle of Coral Sea (Mar 1942) – U.S. kept New Guinea free and shipping lanes open. The US carrier Lexington takes a fatal hit from a Japanese bomber and the Yorktown was damaged. Despite heavy losses, the U.S. claimed its first victory.  U.S. code breakers broke the Japanese codes and knew about their plans to attack New Guinea.

  34. Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942) – Turning point of the war in Asia; U.S. planes destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers & had superiority in Pacific. Akagi, flagship of the Japanese carrier strike Force, which also attacked Pearl Harbor, prior to Battle of Midway.  Japanese decided to attack Midway in response to the Doolittle Raid.  US cracked Japans codes; knew they were coming; runways intact & carriers safe.  Four Jap carriers sunk; Jap navy never recovered.  Now – war of attrition; war became bitter (Japanese Kamikaze).

  35. U.S. SBD Dauntless dive bombers about to attack the burning cruiser Mikuma for the third time. Japanese carrier Hiryu burning. USS Yorktown hit by a torpedo.

  36. 4. Navajo Code Talkers (1942-1945) - American Indians transmitted secret messages. Navajo Code Talkers, Saipan, June 1944. During WWII, the primary duty of the Navajo Code Talkers was transmitting secret messages to U.S. forces during combat.

  37. The Navajo Code NAMES OF PLANESNAVAJO WORDCODE DIVE BOMBER GINI CHICKEN HAWK TORPEDO PLANE TAS-CHIZZIE SWALLOW FIGHTER PLANE DA-HE-TIH-HI HUMMING BIRD BOMBER PLANE JAY-SHO BUZZARD NAMES OF SHIPS BATTLESHIP LO-TSO WHALE AIRCRAFT CARRIER TSIDI-MOFFA-YE-HI BIRD CARRIER SUBMARINE BESH-LO IRON FISH DESTROYER CA-LO SHARK

  38. B. Europe. 1. George Patton – Led U.S. forces in Europe & N. Africa. Bradley, Eisenhower, and Patton ‘Old Blood and Guts’ • Stalin wanted Allied attack on the Western Front; Churchill wanted to attack the periphery of German empire.

  39. 2. Battle of the Atlantic. a) Convoy System – Cargo ships traveled in groups, escorted by warships.  By Aug 1942, German subs sank around 360 US ships along American coast (caused oil rationing).

  40. Sec. III. Life on the Home Front. A. Women & Minorities Gain Ground. • The war changed American society and opened doors to new work for women and minorities.

  41. 1. “Rosie the Riveter.” Norman Rockwell’s version of “Rosie the Riveter.” • Gov’t hired almost 4 million women for mostly clerical work, but women in factories captured the public’s attention; Posters, newspapers, & magazines. • Nearly 2.5 million women worked in shipyards, airplane factories, and other manufacturing and defense plants.

  42. “Rosie the Riveter” (1942) All the day long,Whether rain or shine,She's a part of the assembly line.She's making history,Working for victory,Rosie the Riveter.Keeps a sharp lookout for sabotage,Sitting up there on the fuselage.That little girl will do more than a male will do.Rosie's got a boyfriend, Charlie.Charlie, he's a Marine.Rosie is protecting Charlie,Working overtime on the riveting machine.When they gave her a production "E,"She was as proud as she could be.There's something true about,Red, white, and blue about,Rosie the Riveter. U.S. Government Publicity photo of American machine tool worker in Texas.

  43. B. African Americans. 1. A. Philip Randolph – Organized march on Washington; FDR signs law ending discrimination in war industries. • Philip Randolph was a prominent • 20th century African-American civil • rights leader and founder of the • Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, • which was a huge victory for labor • and African-American labor organizing. • In response, FDR issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941, declaring no discrimination of workers in defense industries or gov’t because of race or national origin. • Led to the Fair Employment Practices Commission, the first civil rights agency since Reconstruction era.

  44. C. Mexicans helped w/ labor shortages. 1. Bracero Program (1942) – Short- term contract for harvest. Braceros performing backbreaking labor. • Over 200,000 Mexicans; Also maintained Railroads; Ended in 1954. • Mexicans migrants became important part of the SW’s agricultural system.

  45. The U.S. Gov’t initiated the importation of Mexican agricultural laborers into California as part of the Bracero Program between 1942 to 1964. Congress enacted the Emergency Labor Program, due to the extreme shortage of farm labor workers because of World War II.  Hispanics – the U.S. gov’t started the Bracero program to bring in temporary workers (almost 5 million during 50’s and 60’s).  Paid little attention to until the 60’s when they began to organize.  African Americans – migration to northern inner cities; economic hardships.  Poverty in Appalachia – High poverty, low mortality rate, education was worse than in inner cities.

  46. D. Racism. • African Americans moving north in the “Great Migration” during WWI, slowed during Depression, and increased during WWII for factory jobs. • June 20, 1943, Riot started with fights between African American and white teenage girls; 34 dead.

  47. 1. Zoot Suit Riots (June 1943) – Fight between Hispanics & U.S. sailors.  The zoot suit seemed unpatriotic.  Crimes committed by young people rising across the nation.  Because many young Mexican Americans adopted the zoot suit linked racism as well as fear of juvenile crime to the zoot suit.  In L.A., this mix resulted in violence against Mexican American teenagers. • Zoot suits had baggy, pleated pants and an overstuffed, knee-length jacket with wide lapels, usually included a wide-brimmed hat and a long key chain, and long hair gathered in a ducktail; identity through clothing. • Adopted by Mexican teenagers in early 1940’s; others angered by men who wore “victory suits” with no vest no cuffs, short jacket, and narrow lapels to save materials.

  48. Boys were beaten and often stripped of their zoot suits. Henry Leyva and others arrested. • After hearing rumors that several Zoot suiters attacked several sailors, 2,500 sailors went into a Mexican American neighborhood in Los Angeles, attacking Mexican American teenagers, cutting their hair, and tearing off their suits • The police did not intervene; Violence continued for several days. • City of L.A. responded by outlawing the zoot suit.

  49. Who's that whisperin' in the trees?It's two sailors and they're on leavePipes and chains and swingin' handsWho's your daddy? Yes I amFat cat came to playNow he can't run fast enoughYou'd best stay awayWhen the pushers come to shoveZoot suit riotthrow back a bottle of beerZoot suit riotPull a comb through your coal black hairZoot suit riotthrow back a bottle of beerZoot suit riotPull a comb through your coal black hairBlow Daddy!A whipped up jitterbuggin' brown eyed manA stray cat frontin' up an eight-piece bandCut me Sammy and you'll understandIn my veins hot music ran You got me in a swayand I want to swing you doneNow you sailors knowWhere your women come for love Zoot suit riotThrow back a bottle of beerZoot suit riotPull a comb through your coal black hairYou're in a Zoot suit riotYou're in a Zoot suit riotYou're in a Zoot suit riot(random gibberish)Oh you got me in a swayand I want to swing you doneNow you sailors knowWhere your women come for loveZoot suit riotThrow back a bottle of beerZoot suit riotPull a comb through your coal black hairZoot suit riotThrow back a bottle of beerZoot suit riotPull a comb through your coal black hairYou're in a Zoot suit riotYou're in a Zoot suit riot “Zoot Suit Riot”by The Cherry Poppin Daddies

  50. 2. Japanese American Internment – 1942, FDR allowed military to remove anyone they wanted. Home in Hollywood, CA, 1942. Official notice of exclusion & removal. • Japanese evacuated to 10 internment camps (Manzanar, CA) and Canada. • A dozen Latin American nations deported Japanese, Germans, and Italians to U.S. • Supreme Court Korematsu vs. US (1944) said was constitutional due to military necessity and not race.  Began releasing in 1945. •  None tried for espionage or sabotage; Served as translators.

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