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Chapter 23 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Explore the male and female reproductive systems, from gamete production to hormonal control. Learn about infertility, menopause, and common disorders affecting these vital systems.

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Chapter 23 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

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  1. Chapter 23 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

  2. Key Terms corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) progesterone endometrium menopause semen estrogen menses spermatozoon follicle-stimulating menstruation (pl. spermatozoa) hormone (FSH) ovarian follicle testis (pl., testes) gamete ovary testosterone infertility ovulation uterus ovum (pl., ova)

  3. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems Asexual Reproduction • One-celled organisms • Divide by themselves Sexual Reproduction • Males and females • Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes) • Male cells are spermatozoa (sperm cells). • Female cells are ova (egg cells).

  4. The Male and Female Reproductive Systems (cont.) Meiosis • Cell division process that forms gametes • Halves the number of chromosomes in cell Reproductive organs • Gonads • Produce gametes • Testis in male; ovary in female • Accessory organs

  5. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Functions of the Male Reproductive System • Manufacture spermatozoa • Deliver spermatozoa to the female

  6. The Male Reproductive System Accessory Organs • Epididymis • Coiled tube located on the surface of the testis • Temporarily stores sperm cells • Ductus vas deferens • Extends upward as the ductus deferens (vas deferens) • Ampulla • Seminal vesicle • Ejaculatory duct

  7. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Semen • Functions of semen • Nourishes spermatozoa • Transports spermatozoa • Neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina • Lubricates the reproductive tract • Prevents infection

  8. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Semen (cont.) • Seminal vesicle • Twisted muscular tube • Located at the posterior of the urinary bladder • Produces alkaline secretion containing simple sugar • Provides nourishment to spermatozoa • Prostate gland • Located inferior to the urinary bladder • Ducts carry prostatic secretion into the urethra • Alkaline secretion neutralizes vaginal acidity

  9. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) • Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) • Pea-sized organs (pair) • Located in the pelvic floor inferior to the prostate • Secrete mucus to lubricate the urethra and penis tip

  10. Figure 23-2 Cross-section of the penis. The Male Reproductive System (cont.)

  11. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) The Urethra and Penis • Erection • Penis • Corpus spongiosum • Glans penis • Prepuce • Circumcision • Contains urethra • Corpora cavernosa • Ejaculation

  12. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) The Testes • Scrotum • Inguinal canal • Spermatic cord

  13. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) The Testes (cont.) • Internal structure • Seminiferous tubules • Sustentacular cells • Interstitial cells • The Spermatozoa • Manufacturing begins at puberty • Acrosome • Flagellum

  14. The Male Reproductive System-The testis Where are the interstitial cells located?

  15. Figure 23-4 Human spermatozoon. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) What organelles provide energy for sperm cell motility?

  16. Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction (cont.) Testicular Activity • Controlled by two hormones from the anterior pituitary • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • Luteinizing hormone (LH) Testosterone • Functions: • Development and maintenance of the male reproductive accessory organs • Development of spermatozoa • Development of secondary sex characteristics

  17. Figure 23-5 Hormonal control of male reproduction. The Male Reproductive System (cont.) Which hormone stimulates testosterone secretion—LH or FSH?

  18. The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction • Decrease in testosterone and spermatozoa production • Decline in sperm motility and quality • Erectile dysfunction • Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) • Treatment • Medication to shrink prostate • Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

  19. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) • Structural Disorders • Cryptorchidism • Testicular torsion • Hernia (rupture) • Inguinal hernia • Phimosis • Infections of the male reproductive tract: • Prostatitis • Epididymitis • Orchitis

  20. Figure 23-6 Torsion of the testis. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)

  21. Figure 23-7 Inguinal hernia. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.)

  22. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) • Infections • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) • Chlamydial infections • Gonococcal infections (gonorrhea) • Symptoms of STIs • Urethral discharge • Burning sensation and pain during urination • Prostatitis and epididymitis • Genital herpes • Syphilis

  23. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) • Cancer • Prostatic cancer • Risk factors • Age • Race • Family history • Certain environmental agents • Diet high in fat • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

  24. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System (cont.) • Cancer (cont.) • Prostatic cancer (cont.) • Treatment • Surveillance • Radiation therapy • Surgery • Hormone treatments • Testicular cancer • Young and middle-aged adults

  25. The Female Reproductive System Structures • Gonads (ovaries) • Formation of gametes (ova) • Accessory organs • Passageways • External genital organs

  26. Figure 23-8 Female reproductive system. The Female Reproductive System (cont.)

  27. The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Accessory Organs • Uterus • Pear-shaped muscular organ • Organ in which fetus develops and matures • Regions • Body (corpus) • Cervix (neck) • Fundus • Broad ligaments • Muscular wall • Myometrium • Endometrium

  28. The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Accessory Organs (cont.) • Uterine tubes (oviducts or fallopian tubes) • Muscular structure extending from the uterus to a point near the ovary • Fimbriae • The vagina • Fornix • Posterior fornix • Rectouterine pouch • Hymen

  29. The Female Reproductive System (cont.) Accessory Organs (cont.) • The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin) • Produce mucus • Secreted into the vestibule • Provide lubrication • The vulva and the perineum • External genitalia (vulva) • Labia (labia majora and labia minora) • Clitoris • Mons pubis • Perineum

  30. Figure 23-9 External parts of the female reproductive system. The Female Reproductive System (cont.)

  31. The Female Reproductive System (cont.) The Ovaries and Ova • Ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity. • Ovaries produce ova. • Ovarian follicle: • Protects ovum • Produces ovarian hormones • Ovaries contain gametes at birth.

  32. Figure 23-10 The ovary. The Female Reproductive System (cont.)

  33. The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.) • Controlled by pituitary hormones LH and FSH regulated by the hypothalamus • Cyclic pattern of hormonal activity • Menstruation • Menstrual cycle • Averages 28 days • Ovulation • Separates reproductive cycle into preovulatory (follicular) and postovulatory (luteal) phases

  34. The Female Reproductivecycle What ovarian hormone peaks closest to ovulation? What ovarian hormone peaks after ovulation?

  35. The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.) Preovulatory Phase • Several follicles enter final stages of maturation • Increased production of estrogen • Prepares the endometrium • Elongates uterine secretoryglands • Proliferative phase in the uterus • Inhibits release of FSH

  36. The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.) Ovulation and the Postovulatory Phase • LH surge in blood • Causes ovulation • Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum that secretes estrogen and progesterone • Endometrium continues to thicken • Glands and blood vessels increase in size • Secretory phase in the uterus • Hormonal methods of contraception • FSH and LH are inhibited via estrogen and progesterone feedback

  37. The Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.) Menstruation • If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates • Estrogen, progesterone levels decrease • Endometrium degenerates, produces menses • Endometrium begins to repair itself • The decrease of estrogen and progesterone levels allows the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary

  38. Menopause • Menstruation ceases • Normal ovarian function declines • Follicles stop maturing • No appreciable amounts of estrogen and progesterone produced • Effects of menopause may include nervous symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and “hot flashes” (resulting from low levels of estrogen) • Uterus, oviducts, vagina, vulva become somewhat atrophied • Vaginal mucosa becomes thinner, dryer, more sensitive

  39. Menopause (cont.) • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) • Combination of estrogen with synthetic progesterone prescribed to relieve menopause discomfort • Increases breast cancer risk • Increases thrombosis and embolism risk • Risks increase with duration of therapy

  40. Birth Control (cont.) • Artificial means to prevent fertilization of the ovum • Abortifacients • Surgical sterilization • Tubal ligation (female) • Vasectomy (male) • Hormonal methods for women • Male contraceptive pill still under investigation • Mifepristone (RU-486) (morning-after pill) is a drug taken after conception to terminate an early pregnancy • Male and female condoms

  41. Figure 23-12 Condoms. Birth Control (cont.)

  42. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Menstrual Disorders • Amenorrhea • Dysmenorrhea • Secondary dysmenorrhea • Endometriosis • Uterine fibroids • Abnormal uterine bleeding • Menorrhagia • Too frequent menstruation • Nonmenstrual bleeding

  43. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Menstrual Disorders (cont.) • Endometriosis • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) • Symptoms • Fluid retention (bloating) • Swollen or tender breasts • Headache • Fatigue • Irritability • Anxiety • Depression

  44. Figure 23-13 Possible sites of endometriosis. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)

  45. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Benign and Malignant Tumors Benign and Malignant Tumors • Fibroids (myomas) • Hysterectomy • Endometrial cancer • Ovarian cancer • Cervical cancer • Linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) • Papanicolaou test (Pap smear)

  46. Figure 23-14 Pap smear. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)

  47. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Benign and Malignant Tumors Infections • Sexually transmitted infections • Chlamydia • Gonorrhea • HIV and genital herpes • Syphilis • Genital warts • Salpingitis • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

  48. Figure 23-15 Pathway of infection. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.)

  49. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Infertility • More difficult to diagnose and evaluate in women • Male infertility causes • Oligospermia • Seminiferous tubules damaged by x-rays, infections, toxins, malnutrition • Smoking, alcohol abuse, excessive environmental heat • Impaired sperm motility, blockage within duct system, testosterone deficiency, drug abuse

  50. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (cont.) Infertility (cont.) • Female infertility causes • Endocrine disorders • Abnormalities in structure and function of reproductive organs • Presence of inflammation or scar tissue in uterine tubes • Endometriosis • Early menopause • Malnutrition

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