The Late “High” Middle Ages

1. The Late “High” Middle Ages

2. Objectives • The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period by • Explaining the conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades • Questions • What were the key events of the Crusades?

3. Where we left off….. • Feudalistic Europe • Charlemagne's Kingdom • Invasions • Vikings • Attacked and looted monasteries • Mongols • The church is the only source of stability • Problems • Corruption • Learning not occurring • Monks could barely read • Popes had questionable morals

4. Monastic Revival • Starting in the 1000s a spiritual revival spread across Europe • Led by Monasteries • Wanted to return to basic principles of Christianity • New orders founded • Popes began to reform the Church • Restored and expanded power • “Age of Faith” • Problems • Village priests married • Positions in the church sold!! Called Simony • Practice of Lay Investiture • Kings in control of Church Bishops • Reforms • Cluny, France • New monastery founded in 910 C.E. • Followed Benedictine’s Rule • Reputation for virtue • 300 orders by 1000 C.E. • Began reform movement • Pope Leo IX • 1049 C.E. • Enforced laws against Priest marriage and Simony • Pope Gregory VII • 1073 C.E. • Spent time at Cluny • Determined to reform the church • Restructured the church • Pope advised by Curia • Curia acted as a court and developed Canon Law

5. Friars and Nuns • Early 1200s • Wandering friars spread Christianity • Took vows of Chastity, poverty, and obedience • Preached to the poor • Dominicans • One of the earliest orders • Founded by Dominic • Emphasized importance of learning, study • Franciscans • Founded by St. Francis of Assisi • Son of a rich merchant • Gave up wealth to preach at 20 years old • Women also participated in spiritual revival • Women joined the Dominicans in 1212 C.E. • A Franciscan order for women known as the Poor Clares opened • Founded by Clare and St. Francis of Assisi • Not allowed to travel • Lived in poverty

6. Cathedrals • Between 800 and 1100 a new style of architecture influenced Churches • Styles • Romanesque • Round arches • Heavy roof • Thick pillars, walls • Little light • Gothic • Appeared around 1100s • Thrust upward toward heaven • Huge stained-glass windows

7. The World in 1050 • Islam • Brilliant new civilization spread from Spain to India • Traders traded goods and ideas • India • Land of thriving cities • Politically divided • Hinduism and Buddhism flourished • China • Strong central government • Advances in technology: paper, printing, gunpowder • West Africa • Empire of Ghana expanding • Trading Gold • Americas • Mayas building cities • Incas flourishing in Peru • Byzantine Empire • Prospering • Scholars studying Greek and Roman classics • Constantinople was capital • Turks invade in 1050s and control Byzantine empire by 1071

8. The Crusades

9. Causes • 1093 Byzantine Empire Alexius I asked Pope Urban III for help fighting the Seljuk Turks • Urban agrees and calls for help at the Council of Clermont in 1095 • Rallied warriors for the liberation of Jerusalem and Holy Land from the Infidels, or unbelievers, the Muslims • “all who die shall have immediate remission of sins” • Within a year knights were on their way

10. Motives for the Crusades • Pope’s Motives • Get rid of knights were fought each other and threatened the peace of the kingdom • Conquer land held by Byzantine Empire • Increase power and help heal schism • King’s Motive • Kings and Princes used crusades to legitimize their rule by presenting themselves as a truly “Christian” state • Soldiers’ Motives • Promise of riches, a release from their sins, and a place in Heaven if they died on Crusade • Younger sons were looking for land and a position in society • Wanted to escape trouble at home • Goal of Crusades • Win Jerusalem and Holy Land back from Muslim Turks

11. The Crusades • 1st Crusade • 1097 C.E. • Ill-prepared army gathers in Constantinople • No plans, no leader • Success • Captured Antioch in 1098 C.E. and Jerusalem in 1099 C.E. • Massacred Jewish and Muslim residents • Led to creation of four crusader states • 2nd Crusade • 1147 C.E. – failure • 1187 C.E. • City falls to Saladin and Muslim army • Shocks Europeans • 3rd Crusade • 1191 C.E. • Led by Richard the Lion-heart, Frederick Barbarossa, and Phillip II • Took back city of Acre in 1191 C.E. • 1192 C.E. Richard and Saladin agree to a truce • Muslims control city of Jerusalem, Christian pilgrims allowed to visit holy places unharmed • 4th Crusade • 1198 C.E. • Knights get caught up in Constantinople and loot the city • Never made it to Jerusalem • exposed corruption of the Crusades • Later Crusades

12. Impact of the Crusades • Church • Lessened the power of the Pope • Trade • Increased trade between Europe and Southwest Asia • Goods imported from S.W. Asia included spices, fruits, cotton, and cloth • Italian port cities became very wealthy and dominant in trade • Encouraged growth of money economy • Helped undermine serfdom • Feudal Rulers • Weakened the feudal nobility • Thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes • Kings become stronger • Some led crusades, like Louis IX, added to their fame • Increased feudal power of monarchs, decreased power of feudalism • Rights to levy, or collect, taxes, to support crusades • Knowledge • European technology improves as Crusaders learn from Muslims • Windmills, Algebra, Medicine, and Arabic numbers are all brought over from the Muslims • Contact with Muslims lead to want to understand larger world

13. Religious Consequences • Religious intolerance grows • For Muslims, the actions of Crusaders left behind feelings of bitterness and hatred • Crusaders turned hatred towards Jews • For Christians who remained in the area after the fall of the Crusader states, relations with Muslims worsened • Spain • Crusading spirit continued Christians longed to reclaim their land from the Muslims • Called the Reconquista or “reconquest” • 1300: Christians controlled almost of all Spain • Muslim influence remained

14. Ferdinand and Isabella • 1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon • Created a unified state • Combined forces to finally expel the Muslims • 1492 completed the Reconquista with the capture of Granada • Isabella ended Muslim policy of religious toleration • Supports the Inquisition • Court to accuse people of heresy • Jews and Muslims attacked and burned at the stake • Isabella expelled Jews in 1492 and Muslims that didn’t convert by 1502

15. Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution Notes

16. Growing Food Supply • a warmer climate existed from 800-1200 • used horses to plow twice as much land as oxen used to, but they required better food and harnesses • three-field system: farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year instead of just half, other one-third recovered • more food and better food meant in increase in population and longer lives

17. Trade and Finance Expand • goods traded in towns at fairs • guild: an association of people who worked at the same occupation, they controlled all wages and prices in their craft, enforced standards of quality • merchants had to borrow money to buy goods, but Christians were forbidden from lending money at interest, a sin called usury • this led to many Jews becoming moneylenders

18. Medieval Market

19. Medieval Towns

20. Revival of Learning • University: a group of scholars meeting wherever they could • Came from Latin for universitas, or “guild” • Medieval Univ. were educational guilds that produced educated and trained individuals • 1st Universities • Bologna, Italy • Attracted by great Roman law teacher • Formed guild to protect their rights (1158) • University of Paris • Oxford • By 1500 there were 80 universities • For most students, the goal was a government job or a job in the Church • Literature • Dante • Wrote Divine Comedy • Imaginary journey through hell and purgatory • Used humor, tragedy, and medieval quests for religious understanding • Highlights key idea of Christianity- people’s actions in life will determine their afterlife • Chaucer • Followed English band of pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb • Each character tells a story

21. Medieval Novels

22. Scholasticism • Tried to reconcile faith and reason • Tried to harmonize Christian teachings with works of Greek Philosophers • Aristotle reintroduced during 12th century • He upset Christian theologians • Taught people to reason through truth • Thomas Aquinas • Tried to reconcile Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity in 13th century • Wrote Summa Theoligica • Organized according to logical method of intellectual investigation used by scholars • Asked “Does God exist?” • Cited sources with opposing opinions before reconciling them and arriving at his own conclusions • Process used by future philosophers • Certain that two truths of religion and science would not contradict one another