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Monotheistic World Religions

Explore similarities & differences in beliefs of Judaism, Christianity & Islam, from their origins and key figures to teachings and historical developments.

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Monotheistic World Religions

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  1. Monotheistic World Religions Judaism, Christianity, Islam

  2. Judaism • Text: Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)/Torah • Founder: Abraham • Deity: God (Yahweh) • Leaders: Rabbis

  3. Beliefs • One God who: • is all-knowing, all-powerful, eternal, perfect • watches over and cares for his people • loves and protects his people • Holds people accountable for sins

  4. Beliefs about Humans • Created in God’s image • Individual dignity • Reason • Free will (choose good or evil) • Must live a moral life according to the Torah

  5. Morality • Ten Commandments: written code for behavior • Everyone is responsible to oppose injustice and oppression, assist the unfortunate (charity) • Improve life on earth • Prophets: • attacked war, oppression, and greed • Strengthened social conscience

  6. Afterlife • Heaven (Gan Eden): place of great joy and peace. Attain Knowledge and realization of truth concerning God that they could not as a mortal. • Hell (Gehinnom): a dark pit, punished for 12 months. Those that repent allowed into heaven; the wicked are annihilated or continue to be punished

  7. HISTORY OF JUDAISM • Begins in Canaan-ancient home of the Hebrews • Hebrews=wanderers in Egyptian • Tribal Patriarchs • Abraham-covenant (founder) of Judaism-ca. 2000 BC • Jacob-Abraham’s grandson-leader of the twelve tribes

  8. HISTORY OF JUDAISM • Moses and the Exodus-ca. 1250 BC • Moses, born to Hebrew mother and raised by Egyptian princess, becomes a new covenant • Receives Ten Commandments from God • In conversation with his adopted brother, Moses eventually leads the Hebrews out of Egypt • Hebrews then wander the Sinai Desert for 40 years, finally settling in the area known as Palestine

  9. HISTORY OF JUDAISM • Kingdom Established • Saul-ca. 1000 BC-battles Canaanites and Philistines • David-captured Jerusalem • Solomon-ruled from 970-935 BC-built and established the temple in Jerusalem (home of the Ark of the Covenant) • Kingdom Splits in 922 BC • Two Parts • Israel in the North • Judah in the South

  10. HISTORY OF JUDAISM • Return to captivity under the Babylonians from 586-539 BC • Jewish Covenant and Law (pg. 80) • Torah=Covenant • Talmud=Law

  11. Christianity • Founder: Jesus of Nazareth • Text: Bible • Deity: God • Leader: Pope, priests, ministers, monks, nuns

  12. Beliefs • (Many similarities with Judaism) • Personal relationship with God • Love for God, neighbors, enemies • God would eventually end wickedness in world and establish an eternal kingdom

  13. Beliefs • Jesus=son of God • Sincerely repent sins=life after death • Jesus=savior (rose from dead after crucifixion); died for peoples’ sins • Made eternal life possible for everyone • Embrace all converts (everyone welcome to join)

  14. Beliefs • God created the Earth/universe/humans • Same as Yahweh • One God • Watches over & cares for his people

  15. HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY • Most Jews lived in Judaea at the time • Became a part of Rome in 6 AD • Hadrian puts down last Jewish revolt • Jews were banned from Jerusalem • Diaspora-dispersal of the Jews from Roman lands • Circumcision is banned • Christianity rises from the ashes of Judaism • Original Christians are the followers of Jesus of Nazareth

  16. JESUS OF NAZARETH • Born sometime around 6-4BC • Carpenter in young life • Baptized by John the Baptist • Begins ministry at age of 30 • Honored as the Messiah who was promised to arrive and restore the kingdom of the Jews • Arrested by Pontius Pilate for defying the authority of Rome • Crucified in about 29 AD

  17. HISTORY OF cHRISTIANITY • Jesus of Nazareth begins being referred to as Jesus Christ • Christ comes from the Greek word “Christos” meaning “messiah” or “savior” • Christianity is derived from the Christ name • One of the first big influences on the spread of Christianity is Paul

  18. HISTORY OF cHRISTIANITY • Paul is a Jew who was at first an enemy of Christianity • Paul later begins to spread and interpret Jesus’ teachings for the rest of his life • Wrote influential letters called Epistles to groups of believers • Declared Christianity should welcome all converts, making Christianity a more universal religion and allowing it to spread much more easily

  19. HISTORY OF cHRISTIANITY • Christianity continues to grow as Judaism is being dealt with by the Roman government • With the Jews being sent out of Roman lands, Christianity becomes the new scapegoat of Rome • Persecuted for not believing in Roman gods • Eventually, Christianity would gain widespread appeal throughout Rome • First emperor to accept Christianity is Constantine

  20. Islam • Founder: Muhammad • Text: Qur'an • Deity: Allah • Leaders: Imam (scholars who lead prayers)

  21. Beliefs • Brotherhood/unity of all people • Dignity of Human Beings • Strong community bonds • Tolerance of other religions and groups • Charity

  22. Five Pillars of Islam • Faith • Prayer • Charity • Fasting • Pilgrimage to Mecca

  23. HISTORY OF ISLAM • Muhammad-founder/prophet of Islam • Born in Mecca ca. 570 AD • 610 AD-hears the voice of Gabriel • 622 AD-Hijrah-flight to Medina • Islamic Year 1=622 AD • 630 AD-conquered Mecca • 632 AD-died

  24. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM • Faith=one must declare “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” • Prayer=one must pray five times a day facing Mecca • Alms=charity, giving money to those who are less fortunate • Fasting=during Ramadan (Islamic holy month), fast between dawn and sunset, eating a simple meal at the end of the day • Hajj=pilgrimage to Mecca

  25. HISTORY OF ISLAM • Islam=submission to the will of Allah • Muslim=one who has submitted • Shari’a=Muslim law • Sunna=Muhammad’s example • Ka’aba=shrine of worship in Mecca

  26. Ka’aba

  27. HISTORY OF ISLAM • Similarities to Judaism and Christianity • Allah is the same God as in Judaism and Christianity • Jesus is a prophet, not the Son of God • Qur’an is word of Allah revealed to Muhammad as Torah was revealed to Moses and Gospels to the New Testament writers • Believe in heaven and hell and a day of judgment • Trace their ancestry back to Abraham • Refer to Christians and Jews as “people of the book” • Extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews

  28. HISTORY OF ISLAM • First Four Caliphs (successors or deputies)-632-661-spread Islam throughout area • Abu-Bakr-began idea of jihad (striving or inner struggle against evil) • Umar • Uthman • Ali (Muhammad Ali)-Muhammad’s nephew • Schism-Sunnis vs. Shi’ites-pg. 271 • Sunni-followed the Umayyads • Shi’a-party of “Ali”-believed that caliph should be descendant of the Prophet (Muhammad)

  29. Islamic world

  30. Religions of the world

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