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Medieval Europe

Medieval Europe. Describe the dominant characteristics, contributions of, and interactions among major civilizations of Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and the Middle East in ancient and medieval times. A Time of Transition.

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Medieval Europe

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  1. Medieval Europe Describe the dominant characteristics, contributions of, and interactions among major civilizations of Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and the Middle East in ancient and medieval times

  2. A Time of Transition • The time following the decline of western Europe was a time of transition from ancient to modern times • Germanic rulers gained a strong hold first

  3. Merovingian Rulers • Clovis • Brutal and cunning warrior • Became King of the Franks • 1st ruler to accept Catholicism

  4. Merovingian Rulers • Charlemagne • One of the greatest monarchs • Doubled the borders of the Kingdom • For the first time since the Roman Empire, most of W. Europe was ruled by one government

  5. Charlemagne’s Empire • Attempted to revive learning, by establishing a palace school • Brought military to protect Pope Leo III against the nobles • Crowned new Roman Emperor

  6. Charlemagne’s Death • Grandson’s fight for the land • Divided kingdom into three realms • Feuding weakened the kingdom • Most threatening attacks came from the Vikings (raiders from Scandinavia)

  7. The Vikings • Explorers, skilled in sailing and trading • Raided isolated villages, weakening monarchy • Local officials and nobles took over the defense – a new political and social system begins

  8. Feudalism • Feudalism – a highly decentralized form of government that stressed alliances of varying degrees of power • Based on the military giving land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military aid, the land came with peasants to work it • Focuses on political relationship between nobles

  9. Feudal Relationships

  10. Feudalism Hierarchy

  11. Obligations • To receive a fief (a tract of land) a vassal (a noble who served a higher ranking lord) had to pledge to provide knights or warriors for the royal army

  12. Emergence of Castles • Warfare was common because of a weak central government • Castles were built to provide protection • Outer walls • Turrets • Keep • Often cold, dingy, and damp

  13. Life of the Nobility • Made up of Ladies, Lords, and Knights • Lords • Almost total authority in his fief • Collected rent in the form of goods

  14. Ladies • Few if any rights • Duties included bringing up children and housework • Took pride in their needlework and embroidery • Made medicines from plants and herbs • Looked after estate when lords were at war

  15. Noble Entertainment • Tournaments – mock battles between knights • Hunt • Falconry and Archery

  16. Manorial System • Manorialism – a system centered around agricultural production • Manors (estates) varied in size consisted of Lord’s house, pastures, fields, forests, and peasant village • Focuses on the economic ties between nobles and peasants

  17. Work on a Manor • Peasants provided labor and in returned allowed to use lord’s facilities like the mill • If peasants used the facilities they were expected to leave a portion for the lord • Manors had to be self sufficient because warfare and invasions made trade nearly impossible

  18. Improvements in Production • Better plow • 3 Field crop rotation

  19. Peasant Life • Life of poverty and hardship, few lived past 40 years old • Faced famine, disease, and warfare • The manorial system did provide a stable and secure way of life during a time of uncertainty

  20. The Medieval Church • Primary mission was spiritual, but with the decline of the Roman Empire they were left to assume political and social tasks • Pope believed he was the spiritual authority over all Christians

  21. Religious Role • Taught all people were sinners and dependent on God’s grace • To obtain grace, one had to take part in the sacraments or rituals of the church • Baptism, Matrimony, Communion, Etc • Most people could not read or write or understand Latin and therefore learned most from stained glass windows, paintings, etc

  22. Benedict’s Rule • Benedict formed a monastery at Monte Cassino in Italy • Became a model for monks in communities • Drew up a list of rules that provided for manual work, meditation, and prayer • Could not own goods, couldn’t marry and were bound to obey monastic rules

  23. Monastic Life • Monks wore simple, long robes made of coarse material, tied at the waist with a cord • Rule of silence, could only converse with each other for short periods of time • Nuns wore simple clothes and wrapped a white cloth around their face • Nuns taught needlework to daughters of nobles

  24. Influences of Monasteries • Scribes copied books by hand • Illuminated manuscripts – decorated with rich colors and intricate pictures • Provided schools, hospitals, food, guest houses for travelers, taught skills

  25. Power of the Church • Had their own laws and courts that dealt with the clergy, doctrine, and morals • Disobedience resulted in severe punishments • Feudal ties boosted wealth and political power

  26. Church Reform • Called for the end of feudal ties to the church because it gave too much power to the nobles

  27. Fighting Heresy • Condemned drunkenness, feasting and dancing • Heresy, or the denial of basic church teachings had risen because of corruption • First tried to convert • Then threatened to excommunicate (not allowed to take part in the sacraments necessary for salvation)

  28. The Inquisition • A court set up to seek out and punish people suspected of heresy • Often accused people without sufficient proof

  29. The Jews • As church power increased, the position of the Jews worsened • Seen as outsiders • The most powerful source of anti-Semitism, or hatred of the Jews, came from those who blamed the Jews for the death of Jesus

  30. Rise English Monarchy • Alfred the Great brings the area now known as England under his control • William the Conquer takes over the throne by force when Alfred dies – first census • Henry I – Treasury • Henry II – common law and jury

  31. Eleanor of Aquitaine • Wife of Henry II, mother to Richard I (the Lionhearted) and John • Even though the husband wife relationship turned bad, she still was able to set policy because of her sons power

  32. Disney’s Robin Hood • Using the white boards or scrap paper, identify characteristics of King John • Look for how the people felt about him and why • See copy of lyrics for additional information

  33. King John

  34. King John • Wasn’t well liked • He increased taxes • Punished people without a trial • Nobles disliked him because they lost feudal rights • Nobles disliked him so much they forced him to sign the Magna Carta

  35. Magna Carta • One of the most important documents in the history of representative government • Placed clear limits on royal power • Prevented the king from collecting taxes without the consent of the Great Council • Assured freemen the right to trial by jury • Overtime the charter began protecting all English people

  36. Parliament • Henry III (John’s son) reign saw increases in population leading to towns and cities, a new social class emerged – the Middle Class • Knights and Burgesses (important townspeople) were added to the Great Council, now called Parliament • House of Lords (made up of nobles and clergy) and House of Commons (knights and burgesses)

  37. Rise of French Monarchy • Rulers following Charlemagne were weak • Hugh Capet seized control • Established the tradition of the eldest son inheriting the throne • Feudal lords under royal control

  38. Philip II or Philip Augustus • Doubled land holdings • Seized land back from the English • Acquired land through marriage

  39. Holy Roman Empire • German King Otto I helped Pope John XII defeat the Roman Nobles and was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor • Emperor claimed the right to intervene in the election of Popes and the Popes claimed the right to depose Kings • Power struggles are constant

  40. Concordat of Worms • Allowed the emperor to name bishops and grant land but also gave the pope the right to reject unworthy candidates

  41. The Crusades • A series of expeditions to recover the holy land from Muslims • In 600 AD, Muslims take over Jerusalem, but were tolerant of other religions • In the 1000’s, Seljuk Turks took Jerusalem and left Palestine in chaos

  42. First Crusade • Pope Urban II asks for a volunteer army to take Jerusalem and Palestine back from the Turks • Knights and Peasants vowed to fight • Knights got to put their skills to practice • Peasants got freedom from feudal ties

  43. All were promised immediate salvation in heaven • The First Crusade marked the onset of a long period of Christian persecution of the Jews • On their way to the holy land it was common for them to massacre Jewish communities • Jerusalem falls in 1099 • Reinforced the authority of the church and strengthened confidence of western Europeans

  44. Second Crusade • Seljuks conquer part of Palestine less than 50 years later • Pope Eugneius IV calls for a second crusade • Lasted from 1147-1149 and was unsuccessful because the Kings quarreled and were a poor military threat

  45. Third Crusade • Saladin – diplomatic and forceful leader who united the Muslim forces and captured Jerusalem • People of western Europe were shocked • Kings Crusade – because HRE Frederick Barbarossa, French King Philip Augustus, and English King Richard I assembled the warriors

  46. Third Crusade not successful either • Frederick dies on the way • Philip decides to goes back home • Richard is left leading his troops • Eventually Richard signs a truce and asks for Jerusalem, but Saladin says no • Saladin does allow the Christian Pilgrims access to Holy Land

  47. Effects of the Crusades • Sped up the changes • Broke down feudalism • Increased the authority of the Kings • European monarchs levied taxes, raised armies, and cooperated in large scale

  48. Nobles needed money and chose to sell land or allow serfs to buy their freedoms • Feudalism declines • Desire of Eastern luxury goods (spices, sugar, melons, tapestries, silk, etc) • Commerce increase • Muslim ideas spread (maps, compasses, weaponry)

  49. Economic Expansion • By 1000AD agricultural production increased trading opportunities encouraged town growth

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