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Functional neuroanatomy

bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu. Functional neuroanatomy. Overview of brain anatomy & systems Localization/networks Scale in the nervous system Sensorimotor systems How our brains interact with the external world (loops) States ‘of mind’ (and body) Specific functional systems Memory & emotion

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Functional neuroanatomy

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  1. bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu Functional neuroanatomy • Overview of brain anatomy & systems • Localization/networks • Scale in the nervous system • Sensorimotor systems • How our brains interact with the external world (loops) • States ‘of mind’ (and body) • Specific functional systems • Memory & emotion • How our brains use previous experience to modify behavior • Language; visual processing; mental imagery • How our brains integrate types of information to develop concepts; how previous experience affects processing of new information

  2. Localization of function in the nervous system: Maps and networks

  3. Localization of function in the nervous system: Functional networks • 5 major brain systems subserving cognition and behavior • Left perisylvian language network • Parieto-frontal network for spatial attention • Occipitotemporal network for object/face recognition • Medial temporal/limbic network for learning & memory • Prefrontal network for attention & comportment

  4. 5 types of cortical tissue

  5. Plasticity in heteromodal cortical regions: The basis for learning

  6. Lesion studies of the language network:The major nodes Broca’s (production) Wernicke’s (comprehension)

  7. Lesion studies of the language network:Disconnection syndromes Alexia without agraphia Geschwind N & Kaplan E, Neurology, 1962

  8. Functional neuroimaging of the language network One to many, many to one CJ Price, J Anat 2002

  9. Language function: Using neuroimaging to test hypotheses CJ Price, J Anat 2002

  10. Language function in the bilingual brain Kim KHS, Nature 1997

  11. Recovery of language function after stroke: Mapping plasticity in the human brain 1 month after stroke 1 year after stroke Plasticity: Many levels of scale in both time & space Fernandez B, Stroke 2004

  12. What’s in a name?A means to access specific types of knowledge

  13. What’s in a name?A means to access specific types of knowledge Elephant

  14. Linguistic access to specific types of knowledge Damasio H, Nature 1996

  15. Visual processing: Two pathways Dorsal (Occipito-parietal): Object & object feature recognition Disorders: visual object agnosia prosopagnosia achromatopsia Ventral (Occipito-temporal): Visual recognition of spatial location Disorders: optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia (Balint’s); constructional apraxia, akinotopsia

  16. Visual processing streams: Confirmation of hypotheses using neuroimaging Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998

  17. Visual processing: Attention influences which stream is used Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998

  18. Visual object recognition: Lesion studies Agnosias may be specific to certain categories of information

  19. Visual object recognition: Distinct but overlapping functional areas Haxby JV, Science 2001

  20. Visual imagery & neuroimaging Ganis G, Cog Brain Res 2004

  21. Auditory imagery & neuroimaging Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001

  22. Visual imagery & neuroimaging Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001

  23. Visual memory may influence perception: The v17 controversy in imagery Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001 Correlation vs. causality

  24. Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge Name this animal and tell me what you know about it

  25. Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge Name this person and tell me what you know about him

  26. Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge Object-specific naming deficits Object-specific recognition deficits Damasio H, Cognition 2004

  27. Heteromodal processing

  28. The limbic system directs heteromodal cortex toward relevant information LaBar KS, Behavioral Neuroscience 2001

  29. Visual object recognition: Binding together perception, memory, emotion, and motivation What happens when a mother recognizes her child’s face? Insula Amygdala Cingulate Sup temp Leibenluft E, Biol Psych 2004

  30. What are we doing with our brains at this moment?(The student’s brain) • Feeling your chair • Squirming (moving) • Watching • Listening • Remembering • Paying attention • Sleeping • Feeling anxious • Feeling hungry • What happens when you ask a question?

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