Nervous system SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

1. Nervous system SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

2. Telencephalon Diencephalon Brain Cerebellum Midbrain Brain stem Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord 一、Divisions of nervous system Ⅰ) Central nervous system (CNS) CNS

3. Cranial n. (12 pairs) Spinal n. (31 pairs) PNS Visceral sensory n. Somatic nerve Somatic sensory n. Somatic motor n. Sympathetic part Visceral motor n. Parasympathetic part Visceral n. Ⅱ)Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

4. cell body Neurons Dendrites Axon Nuroglia: • central branch • peripheral branch I. Essential strunctures of nervous system glial cell • Bipolar neuron • Pseudounipolar neuron • Multipolar neuron Ⅰ) Structural classification

5. Ⅱ) Functional classification Afferent (sensory) neuronEfferent (motor) neuronAssociation neuron (interneuron)

6. Nerve fibermyelinated nerve fiber unmyelinated nerve fiber Nerve

7. receptor afferent neuron effector efferent neuron II、reflexreflex arc • Reflex:a reaction of the organism by the nervous system in response to a stimulus • Reflex arc: consist of 5 basic components centre

8. Spinal nerves • Formation: each spinal nerve is formed by union of anterior and posterior roots at intervertebral foramen • The anterior rootcontains motor fibers for skeletal muscles. • The posterior rootcontains sensory fibers whose cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion

9. Spinal nerves Spinal ganglia is an enlargement of the posterior root near the intervertebral foramen which consist of the bodies of pseudounipolar neurons

10. Divisions of spinal nerves : cervical nerves 8对 thoracic nerves 12对 lumbar nerves 5对 sacral nerves :5对 coccygeal nerve : 1对

11. The fiber components of spinal cors There are four types of fibers contained in the spinal n. Somatic afferent (sensory) nerve fibers : Visceral afferent (sensory) nerve fibers Somatic efferent (motor) nerve fibers： Visceral efferent (motor) nerve fibers ：

12. branches of spinal nerves • Each spinal n. is divided into 4 branches after leaving the intervertebral foramen immediately anterior branche posterior branche meningeal branch communicating branc

13. cervical plexus branchial plexus lumbarplexus sacral plexus 。 posterior branche anterior branche：，

14. 二、cervical plexus • Formation ： it consists of the anterior rami of C1-C4 nerves. • Branches： Cutaneous branches Muscular brnches

15. Branches • Cutaneous branches: • Lesser occipital • Great auricular • Transverse nerve of neck • Supraclavicular nerves • They emerge around middle of posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, to supply skin of neck and scalp between auricle and external occipital protuberance

16. Muscular branches: supply the deep muscles of neck • Phrenic nervearises from the of C3-C5, innervation to diaphragm;

17. Phrenic nerve • Sensory fibers supply to pleurae, pericardium and peritoneum of diaphragm; usually right phrenic nerve may be distributed on live, gallbladder and biliary system.

18. 二、 brachial plexus Formation： Formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 nerves Passes through the scalene fissure (斜角肌间隙) to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords(束) which around the axillary atery. Position： Medial cord 、 Lateral cord Posterior cord

19. 二、 brachial plexus • Branches Median nerve Musculocutaineous nerve Ulnar nerve Axillary nerve Radial nerve

21. Anterior branche of thoracic nerve • ， • Intercostal nerves（T1-T11）， • Subcostal nerve（T2） ，。 • Distribution: intercostales anterolateral abdominal muscles skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and peritoneum

22. Anterior branches of thoracic nerves The distribution of the anterior branches of the thoracic n. is segmental. T2 Sternal angle T4 Nipple T6 Xiphoid process T8 Costal arch T10 Umbilicus T12Midpoint between umbilicus and symphysis pubis

23. 四、lumbar plexus Formation: anterior rami of L1-L3, a part of anterior rami of T12 and L4 position：lies behind the psoas major and beside the lumbar vertera

24. branches： • Femoral • Obturator • Cutaneous • Genitofemoral • Iliohypogastric • Ilioinguinal • Lateral femoral

25. Femoral n. route： Runs downward and laterally between psoas major and iliacus, passes deep to inguinal ligament; disribution muscular branches---supplies anterior thigh muscles (quadricep肌,sartorius and pectineus),

26. Femoral n. sensory branches--- hip and knee joint, and skin on anteromedial side of thigh, saphenous nerveis distributed to skin of medial side of leg and foot

27. Obturator • Route： Enters thigh through obturator foramen; • Distribution： muscular branches--- supplies medial group of muscles of thigh, obturator externus, sensory branches--- skin of medial side of thigh

28. Lateral femoral cutaneous • It arises from the lateral border of the psoas major and runs inferolateral to enter the thigh posterior to the inguinal lig.,just medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. it distribute to the skin over the lateral aspect of the thigh.

29. Genitofemoral • It pierces the anterior surface of the psoas major and runs inferiorly ,and divide into femoral and genital branches • The femoral branche distribute to the skin over the femoral triangle; and the genital branche distribute to the scrotum(greater lip of pudendum)

30. 五、 sacral plexus • formation： formed by anterior rami of L4 and L5 spinal nerves (the lumbrosacral trunk) and anterior rami of sacral and coccygeal nerves • Position: lies in pelvic cavity, anterior to sacrum and piriformis

31. 五、 sacral plexus mainbranches Sciatic nerve Pudendal nerve Superior gluteal n. Inferior glureal n.

32. Sciatic nerve • Leaves pelvis through infrapiriform foramen to enter gluteal region, • runs inferiorly deep to gluteus maximus, passing midway between the greater trochanter of femur and ischial tuberosity to back of thigh, lying deep to long head of biceps femoris, • normally divided into tibial and common peroneal nerves just above popliteal fossa;

33. Sciatic nerve • it innervates semitendinosus • Semimembranosus • and biceps femoris

34. Tibial nerve Decends through popliteal fossa , then runs inferiorly with posterior tibial vessels and dividing into medial and lateral plantar nerves behind the medial malleolus; supplies posterior muscles of leg and knee joint

35. Common peroneal nerve • Arises at apex of popliteal fossa and follows medial border of biceps femoris and its tendon; passes over posterior aspect of head of fibula and then winds around neck of fibula, deep to peroneus longus, where it divides into deep and superficial peroneal nerves,to supply the anterior and lateral groups m. of the leg.

36. Superficial peroneal Deep peroneal