New Guinea, has over 900 languages.

1. New Guinea, has over 900 languages. Using the maps explain what physical factors have led to this linguistic diversity (1 per map)?

2. V.  Language A.  During pre-historic times there could have been as many as 10,000 different languages B.  Today there is between 5000-7000 different languages C.  Language Family (Proto Language)

3. 1.  About 50% of the world's languages belong to the Indo-European Family.   a.  Dominant in Europe, Russia, North and South America, Australia, and parts of southwestern Asia and India. b.  Includes Germanic and Romance languages, as well as Slavic, Indic, and Celtic  

4. b. Comprised of Chinese (which has the most number of speakers in the world), Burmese, Tibetan, Japanese, and Korean 2.  20% of the world's population speaks languages from the Sino-Tibetan Family a.  Includes languages of most of Southeast Asia and China 3.  Last 30% belong to the Afro-Asiatic family including Niger-Congo, Altaic, or Austroneasian language families

5. D.  Language Group 1.  Ex: Spanish and Italian are both part of the Romance Family (languages derived from Latin) and have many similar words and they contain similar grammatical structures. E.  Dialects 1.  English and Italian have many dialects which reflects the historical, social, and geographic differences between many diverse people.  

6. Waltzing Matilda (an Australian folk song)  Down came the Squatter a riding on his thoroughbred Down came policemen - one, two, three "Where's that jolly jumbuck you've got in your tucker bag?", "You'll come a-waltzing Matilda with me". But the swagman he up and jumped into water hole Drowning himself by the Coolabah tree, And his ghost may be heard as you walk along the Billabong, “You'll come a-waltzing Matilda with me?" There once was swagman camped by a Billabong Under the shade of a Coolabah tree And he sang as he watched and waited till his billy boiled“You'll come a-waltzing Matilda with me?" Down come a jumbuck to drink at the water holeUp jumped a swagman and grabbed him in glee And he sang as he stowed him away in his tucker bag"You'll come a-waltzing Matilda with me'".

7. Waltzing Matilda (an Australian folk song)  There once was swagman camped by a Billabong Under the shade of a Coolabah tree And he sang as he watched and waited till his billy boiled“You'll come a-waltzing Matilda with me?" Swagman: Someone who lives on the open road. A hobo. The term came from the canvas bag that they would carry their bedroll and/or belongings in. Billabong: A waterhole. Coolabah tree: A type of native tree in Australia BillyA can or small kettle used to boil water for tea. Down came the Squatter a riding on his thoroughbred Down came policemen - one, two, three "Where's that jolly jumbuck you've got in your tucker bag?", "You'll come a-waltzing Matilda with me". Squatter At one time, squatters claimed (seized) land for themselves in addition to land that they had been granted. Eventually through the continuous occupation of the land, their claims were legitimised in the eyes of the law. Down come a jumbuck to drink at the water holeUp jumped a swagman and grabbed him in glee And he sang as he stowed him away in his tucker bag"You'll come a-waltzing Matilda with me'". JumbuckA sheep. There are 20 times as many sheep as there are people in Australia. Tucker bagA bag for storing food in the bush. But the swagman he up and jumped into water hole Drowning himself by the Coolabah tree, And his ghost may be heard as you walk along the Billabong, “You'll come a-waltzing Matilda with me?"

8. F.  Pidgin 1.  This occurs as language is spread by diffusion processes 2. If over time the Pidgin becomes the primary language of those that speak it it is called aCreole a.  Modern English, contains half a dozen aspects of different languages, because of the history of many foreign conquerors and visitors over the centuries.

9. English Words – Anglo-Saxon

10. English Words – Algonquin

11. G.  Language and the Colonial Legacy  1.  For example Ghana, which was colonized by the British, speak English, while its neighbor, Togo, colonized by the French, speak French. 2.  Lingua Franca 3.  Trade Language H.  Official LanguageUS has no official language, Some countries, such as Canada, Switzerland, and Belgian recognize multiple official languages.

14. I.  Language Extinction 1.  This process has accelerated during the last 300 years, particularly due to Colonization 2. Economic and Social acculturationare responsible for most of today's losses 3.  Many of the languages lost were those spoken by Native Americans 4.  Assimilation

15. 4.  Some languages been lost to cultural extinction 5. There are movements today to try to regain language, such as in parts of Scotland, Ireland, Wales.  Hebrew was revived with the establishment of Israel after World War I, and many Native Americans are reestablishing their languages

16. J.  Literacy 1.  Most developed nations have rates near 100% 2.  In some African and Asian countries only half of the people can read or write 3.  Ex:  Niger: 24% of Men and 9% of women can read or write

17. K.  Toponyms 1.  For example many cities in the US still show heritage, like New York, Baton Rouge, San Diego, and El Paso 2.  Many states are named after Royalty a.  Georgia for King George of England b.  Louisiana for King Louis of France c. Virginia for the Virgin Queen Elizabeth