Razvoj equity

2. Razvoj equity • Razlogi • Omejene pristojnosti kraljevih sodišč – ni pravnega stredstva • Neadekvatna pravna sredstva • Togost postopka - nepravični rezultati • Peticija kralju (Chancellor) • Chancery postane sodišče • Vpliv kanonskega prava na postopek • Pisnost, tajnost • “tekomovanje” commol law v. Equity • Kompromis 1615 (Earl of Oxford Case)

3. Earl of Oxford’s Case (1615)1 Rep Ch 1 • A proda B-ju svojo zakupno pravico glede zemlijšča. Kasneje zasede del tega zemljišča, ker naj bi bila pogodba po nekem zakonu nična. • B vloži tožbo pri common law sodišču na podlagi prodajne pogodbe . Sodišče tožniku ne ugodi, ker meni, da mora upoštevati zakon. • Tožnik v prejšnjem postopku vloži tožbo pri Equity sodišču in zahteva izdajo naloga (injunction) A-ju da mora zapustiti zemljišče. • Chancellor ugodi tožniku, ker naj bi A ravnal nepošteno.

4. Chancellor, Lord Ellesmere: • “The office of the Chancellor is to correct man’s consciences for frauds, breach of trusts, wrongs and oppressions of whatsoever nature and to soften and mollify the extremity of the law … When judgment is obtained by oppression, wrong and a hard conscience, the Chancellor will frustrate and set it aside, not for any error or defect in the judgment but for the hard conscience of the party.”

5. Trgovinsko p. in common law-spojitev • Izguba samostojnosti trgovinskih sodišč • Druga polovica XVIII. stol. –trgovinskopravne institucije prenehajo veljati samo za trgovce.

6. Obdobje po 1832 • Razmah zakonodaje • Radikalne reforme procesnega prava 1832/33 in 1852 • Posplošenje postopkov • Večji poudarek na materialnem pravu

7. Judicature Acts 1873-75 • Odprava razlikovanja med kraljevimi sodišči in Chancery • Oboji uporabljajo common law + equity • Konsolidacija materialnega prava • Razvoj in izpopolnjevanje prava ostajata v domeni sodišč • Law Reports od 1865 • Halsbury´s Laws of England

8. Pomen zgodovinskega razvoja • Angleški pravniki dajejo prednost postopku • Zgodovinske okoliščine oblikovale sistematiko in pojme (torts) • Ni ločitve med javnim in zasebnim pravom • Zakrnevanje zasebnega prava • Preprečena recepcija RP

9. Sistematika • Ni razlikovanja med javnim in zasebnim pravom • Ni členitev na civilno, trgovinsko, delovno, socialna varnost, upravno pravo • Drugačne delitve: Common law in equity

10. Pojmi • Ni pojmov kot so:, napake volje, višja sila, pravna oseba • Specifični instituti: trust, bailment, estoppel, consideration, trespass • Neprevedljivost, tudi če se pojmi jezikovno ujemajo

11. Torts • Deceit (prevara) • Nuisance (motenje posesti) • Trespass (kršitev LP) • Conversion (protipravno razpolaganje s tujo premičnino) • Libel and slander (pisna, ustna razžalitev) • Rylands v. Fletcher (objektivna odgovornost zemljiškega lastnika)

12. Pravno pravilo • Ni primerljivosti • Legal rule pomeni nekaj drugega (manj splošno) • Ni razlikovanja med kogentnim in dispozitivnim pravilom

13. Sistematika • Real property • Company • Personal property • Bankruptcy • Bailment • Quasi-contract • Local government • Conflict of laws • Contracts • Sale of goods • Torts • Master an Servant

14. Razlogi za različno zgradbo • R-G – racionalni in logični sistemi (zakonodaja, univerze) • A pravo zraslo preko posameznih različnih postopkov • Utesnjenost v procesno pravo

15. Univerze • Rimsko in kanonsko pravo • Oxford – 1. redno predavanje o angleškem pravu 1785 (Cambridge 1800) • Pravniki se niso izobraževali na univerzah • Še vedno ni nujno, da je odvetnik pravnik • Barristers (Inns of Law) • Solicitor (Law Society)

16. Angleško pravo danes: • Dualistična zgradba • Common law • Equity, ki dopolnjuje (Equity follows the law) • 1873, 1875 Judicature Acts – združitev: • Vsa sodišča lahko sodijo po common law in po equity • Tožba se lahko oslanja na oboje

17. Kaj je equity? • ‘Equity is the branch of law, which, before the Judicature Acts 1873 and 1875 was applied and administered by the Court of Chancery.’ • ‘The system of equity includes that portion of natural justice which is judicially enforceable but which for various reasons was not enforced by the courts of common law.’ • ‘Equity presupposes the existence of the common law, which it supplements and modifies.’

18. Pravna sredstva po Equity Equitable remedies • Injunctions – ukaz nekaj storiti ali opustiti • Specific performance – izpolnitveni zahtevek • Rectification • Account – upravičiti porabo sredstev • Pravna sredstva equity so stvar proste presoje !!

19. 12 equitable maxims • Equity will not suffer a wrong without a remedy • Equity follows the law. • Where there is equal equity, the law shall prevail. • Where the equities are equal, the first in time shall prevail. • He who seeks equity must do equity. • He who comes into equity must come with clean hands. • Delay defeats equities. • Equality is equity. • Equity looks to the intent rather than the form. • Equity looks on that as done which ought to be done. • Equity imputes an intention to fulfil an obligation. • Equity acts in personam.

20. Delitev zadev • Common law • Kazensko • Pogodbeno • odškodninsko • Equity • Real property • Trust • Gospodarske družbe • Stečaj • dedovanje • )

21. Trust • Settlor • Trustee • beneficiar (cestui que trust) • Uporaba • Varstvo poslovno nesposobnih oseb • Urejanje zapuščin • Ustanove, skladi • Izogib davkom pri velikih premoženjih

22. Trust LASTNINSKA PRAVICA • Legal ownership po common law • Trustee • Equitable ownership - po equity • Beneficiary

23. Odtujitev premoženja • Odplačna in pridobitelj v dobri veri • Izkupiček stopi na mesto premoženja • “realna subrogacija” • Neodplačna ali pridobitelj nedobroveren • Pridobitelj samodejno postane trustee • Mora upravljati v korist beneficiarjev • “personalna subrogacija” • Odplačna in pridobitelj nedobroveren?

24. Pravno pravilo v angleškem pravu? • Temelji na primerih (kazuistika) • Ratio decidendi in obiter dictum • Pravilo ni abstraktno • R-G: nujno širše • Sodnik ne razlaga ampak razlikuje (distinguishing)

25. Sodna praksa • glavni vir • vezanost na precedente • superior courts (višja sodišča) • inferior courts (nižja sodišča) – večina zadev • merilo razlikovanja je obseg pristojnosti

26. Organizacija sodstva • Supreme Court of Judicature sestavljajo Superior Courts: • High Court of Justice (civilne zadeve) • Crown Court(kazenske zadeve) • Court of Appeal • Civil Division • Criminal Division

27. High Court of Justice • Queen's Bench Division – Lord Chief Justice • Admiralty Court • Commercial Court • Chancery Division – Vice Chancellor • Companies Court • Bankruptcy Court • Family Division - President

28. House of Lords • Proti odločbam Court of Appeal • Izjemoma, če je dopuščeno • 50 sodb letno • Pravico odločanja imajo • Lord Chancellor – predsednik • Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (največ11 lordov)

29. Privy Council • Proti sodbam vrhovnih sodišč v čezmorskih deželah • Tudi članicah Commonwealtha, ki te instance še niso odpravile (NZ, Malezija, Singapur, Jamajka…) • Člani House of Lords in sodniki iz čezmorskih dežel • Tudi uporaba neangleškega prava • Teoretično le priporočila Kroni • Praktično podobno avtoriteto kot sodbe House of Lords

30. Inferior Courts • County Courts – civilne zadeve • Spori majhne vrednosti • Razveza, če toženec ne ugovarja • 260 sodnikov – Circuit Judges in Registrars • Magistrate's Courts – enostavne kazenske zadeve • Justices of the Peace – laiki 25.000 • Pomoč pravnika (clerk) • V večjih mestih poklicni, plačani • Prekrški – prometni Petty offences, summary offences

31. Višji sodniki • Visok ugled • Imenuje kraljica na predlog premierja • Doživljenjsko (75) • iz vrst odvetnikov (10 ali 15 let izkušenj) • samo Queen's Councels • Ko postane sodnik dobi naziv

32. Nižji sodniki • Iz vrst recorders (honorarni sodniki – barristers in solicitors) • Nimajo možnosti za napredovanje • Justices of the Peace - neplačani

33. Zakoni Law Common law Statutes Acts

34. Zakoni • V primeru konflikta med precedensom in zakonom prevlada zakon, ampak … • “Statutes are not intended to alter the common law” • ”Legislation normally changes the law forthe worse and that it is the court´s task tominimize the damage by presuming thatcommon law has not changed

35. Razlaga zakonov • The literal rule • The golden rule (absurd) • The mischief rule • The purposive rule (ECJ)

36. Literal rule • R. v. Harris 1836: Harris bit someone's nose off; it was unlawful to "stab, cut or wound.“This implied that some instrument must be used. • HL v Leadale v. Lewis 1982: tax statutes with clear meanings should have that meaning favoured; even if the result is 'wrong', causes hardship or leaves loopholes that might be exploited.

37. Literal rule • "If the precise words used are plain and unambiguous, in our judgment we are bound to construe them in their ordinary sense, even though it does lead to an absurdity or manifest injustice"- Jervis CJ in Abley v. Dale 1851.

38. Literal rule • "If the words of an Act are clear, you must follow them, even though they lead to a manifest absurdity. The court has nothing to do with the question whether the legislature has committed an absurdity. [However] If the words of an Act admit two interpretations, and if one interpretation leads to an absurdity, and the other does not, the Court will conclude the legislature did not intend the absurdity and adopt the other interpretation" R. v. City of London Court Judge [1892] 1 QB 273

39. Golden rule • Grey v. Pearson (1857) 6 HL Cas 1, "the ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless it would lead to absurdity, when the ordinary sense may be modified to avoid the absurdity but no further." • Keene v. Muncaster 1980. In order to park in a certain way, permission was required from a policeman in uniform; the defendant was a policeman in uniform. It was held that permission had to be requested (i.e. from someone else).

40. Mischief rule • Gardiner v. Sevenoaks UDC 1950; a cave was premises (although it would not always be - depending on the mischief), since the mischief was the risk of fire which existed in a cave. • Smith v. Hughes 1960, a prostitute solicited from inside a building to the street. A private building was held to be a "street or public place" for the purposes of the Act to avoid the mischief of harlotry.

41. Purposive rule • “If judges use a purposive approach, they are engaging in an essentially legislative function, which is a breach of the doctrine of the separation of powers.” • Sodnik se ne sme sklicevati na “legislative history” • "We can only take the intention of Parliament from the words which they have used in the Act" - Lord Reid in I. R. C. v. Hinchy 1960 • Od 1993 le izjemoma(Pepper v. Hart)

42. Odvetniki • Barristers • Sollicitors

43. Stare decisis (Rule of precedent) • “Let the decision stand” • Common law • Odločba • Ratio decidendi • Obiter dictum (High trees case – Denning) • Persuasive authority • Overruling • Reversing • Decision per incuriam (High Court, CA)

44. Pravila: • Sodbe House of Lords so obvezni precedensi za vsa sodišča (razen HL) • Sodbe Court of Appeal zavezujejo samo nižja sodišča in v civilnih zadevah tudi CA • Nižja sodišča zavezujejo vse odločbe sodišč “nad” njimi

45. Poročanje • House of Lords 75% • Court of Appeal 25% • HCJ 10% • E.g.:Read v.Lyons [1947] A.C. 156

46. Poročanje • Weekly Law Reports (WLR) • All England Law Reports (All ER) • Times Law Reports (TLR) • British Tax Reports (BTR) • Building Law Reports (BLR) • Butterworths Company Law Cases (BCLC) • Commercial Law Reports (Com LR) • Cox’s Criminal Law Cases (Cox CC) • Criminal Appeal Reports (Cr App R) • Family Law Reports (FLR) • Housing Law Reports (HLR)