Racial Segregation

1. Racial Segregation America during the World War Notes

2. Jim Crow laws: laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between 1877 and the 1950s.

3. Jim Crow “Jim Crow” was a character in a minstrel show The term came to be a derogatory term for blacks and a designation for their segregated life.

4. Examples: Do not write Restaurants “It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment.” Alabama

5. Examples: Do not write Nurses:   “No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed.” Alabama Buses: “All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.” Alabama

6. Examples: Do not write Militia:  ”The white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall never be compelled to serve in the same organization. No organization of colored troops shall be permitted where white troops are available, and while white permitted to be organized, colored troops shall be under the command of white officers. North Carolina” Teaching:  ”Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars ($10.00) nor more than fifty dollars ($50.00) for each offense.” Oklahoma

7. Examples: Do not write Lunch Counters:   “No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table, or at the same counter.” South Carolina Theaters:  ”Every person...operating...any public hall, theatre, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart certain seats to be occupied by white persons and certain seats to be occupied by colored persons.” Virginia

8. Examples: Do not write Promotion of Equality:   “Any person...who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine or not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both.” Mississippi Textbooks:   “Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them.” North Carolina

9. Examples: Do not write  Burial: “The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons.” Georgia Amateur Baseball: “It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race.” Georgia

10. The 369th InfantryNotes • The 369th was an all-black regiment under the command of mostly white officers such as Colonel Hayward • Among the first to arrive in France, and the most highly decorated when it returned • Known as the "Harlem Hell fighters."

11. The 369th InfantryNotes • The 369th Infantry helped to repel the German offensive and to launch a counteroffensive. • They spent 191 days in combat, longer than any other American unit in the war. • The 369th was the first Allied unit to reach the Rhine.

12. Fighting for a country without equal rights • In December 1917, when they left New York City, they were not allowed in the farewell parade of New York's National Guard • On return, Colonel Hayward insisted on a victory parade in February 1919. • the 369th marched to the music of their now- famous regimental jazz band leader, James Reese Europe.

13. African American involvement • 380,000 African Americans served in the wartime Army. • Approx. 200,000 of these were sent to Europe. • Over half assigned to building roads, bridges, and trenches • Roughly 42,000 saw combat.

14. Return from war The return of black soldiers fueled a determination to secure the promise of democracy. Whites showed fierce resistance to any changes: Violence, race riots and lynching during 1919. African Americans responded in an outpouring of cultural, literary and musical creativity in the Harlem Renaissance.

15. The Roaring 20s Harlem nightclubs thrived, spotlighting numerous artists such as jazz musicians Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.

16. Cultural changes • Back at home, young people were tired of the war: Fashion, music and behaviors changed. • Women exercised their newly found freedom of the right to vote in 1920 • Mainstream America took up an interest in African American culture.

17. Works Cited "Jim Crow law." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Feb. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303897/Jim-Crow-law>. “Jim Crow Laws” National Park Service. U.S. Department of the Interior. 18 0ct 2006. Web 3 Feb 2011. http://www.nps.gov/malu/forteachers/jim_crow_laws.html “Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I.” The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Web 7 Feb 2011. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/369th-infantry/ Sullivan, Patricia. “Don’t Shout Too Soon: 1918-1940” PBS.com . Educational Broadcasting corporation, 2002. Web. 3 Feb. 2011.