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Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. CO 2 + H 2 O Photosynthesis (plants, algae, cyanobacteria) C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotic cells) CO 2 + H 2 O. Cellular Respiration (requires O 2 and gives off CO 2 ).

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Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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  1. Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration CO2 + H2O Photosynthesis (plants, algae, cyanobacteria) C6H12O6 + O2 Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotic cells) CO2 + H2O

  2. Cellular Respiration (requires O2 and gives off CO2) • Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to yield large amounts of ATP • Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + (36 ATP) (what is oxidixed?reduced?) • Exergonic reaction- high energy molecule, glucose, produces low energy molecules; 39% efficient • What do cells do with the ATP?

  3. Cellular Respiration Occurs in 4 Phases • Stage I: Glycolysis (cytoplasm) • Stage II: Prep Stage (mitochondrial matrix) • Stage III: Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix) • Stage IV: Electron Transport Chain  oxidation- reduction reactions using NADH, FADH2 (mitochondrial cristae)

  4. Stage I: Glycolysis • Ancient universal reaction • Breakdown of glucose 2 pyruvates • Occurs in the cytoplasm; outside of mitochondria • Anaerobic • Requires an initial energy (2 ATPs) investment • 4 ATPs are made by substrate level phosphorylation (ATP synthesis) • Net Yield: 2 ATPs, 2 NADHs Substrate level ATP synthesis; coupled reactions

  5. NAD+ = redox coenzyme, carries electrons to ETC when O2 is available and is reused. Substrate level ATP synthesis When O2 is not available fermentation occurs, with a net yield of 2 more ATP Substrate level ATP synthesis

  6. Stage II: Prep Stage • Pyruvate  Acetyl CoA • Occurs in the mitochondria (matrix) • Releases 2 CO2 • Makes 2 NADH

  7. Stage III: Citric Acid Cycle • A circular enzyme driven metabolic pathway that generates coenzymes and ATP • Occurs in the mitochondria (matrix) • Starts with the combination of oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA citrate • 2 turns = 2 ATPs, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 are made • 4 CO2 are released; Glucose has been converted to 6 CO2- 2 in prep, 4 in Citric acid cycle Substrate level ATP synthesis

  8. Stage IV: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Movement of electrons through a series of coenzyme/protein redox reactions to yield large amounts of ATP; electrons fall from hydrogen to oxygen releasing energy • Electrons (e-) are donated from NADH, FADH2 to the ETP • As, e- move through the ETP, they attract H+ ions to the outer compartment of mitochondria

  9. Stage IV: ETC and Chemiosmosis • A electrical and H+ concentration gradient is created (10x) • H+ ions must move back from a higher lower concentration • Only return to inner compartment through ATP synthases, “gates of the dam” • As they move through, activate ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP + Pi • This process is called Chemiosmosis(ATP production linked to H+ gradient) • 1 minute reserve of ATP

  10. Stage IV-ETC • The coenzymes NADH and FADH2 give up electrons to the ETP • The higher up in the ETP, the more energy released by those e- • 1 NADH = 3 ATP, 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP • The final electron acceptor is O2, which combines with H+ ions to form H2O • How many ATPs are made through the ETC?

  11. Total ATP Yield during Cellular Respiration: Molecular Bookkeeping • Glycolysis: 2 NADH, 2 ATP • Prep stage: 2 NADH • Citric Acid Cycle: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP • ETC: 34 ATP (but, substract 2 ATP from total to account for NADH brought in from cytoplasm) = 32 ATP net • ATP yield from the complete breakdown of 1 glucose = 36 ATP • 38 ATP in liver, heart, kidney cells

  12. Anaerobic Respiration: A Comparison to Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration • Breakdown of glucose • No oxygen required • Low ATP yield • Quick energy yield • Starts and finishes in cytoplasm • Bacteria, muscle, yeast cells Cellular respiration • Breakdown of glucose • Oxygen required • High ATP yield • Slow energy yield • Starts in cytoplasm • Finishes in mitochondria • Animal, plant cells

  13. Anaerobic Respiration: Lactic Acid Fermentation • Pyruvate  lactate + 2 ATP • Occurs in absence of O2 • Lactobacillus (dairy products) and muscle cells • Quick, low energy yield • Wastes glucose, pyruvate cannot enter into Citric Acid Cycle

  14. Anaerobic Respiration: Alcoholic Fermentation • Pyruvate  ethanol + CO2 • Occurs in absence of O2 • Low ATP yield, wastes pyruvate (glucose) • Yeast cells (baking) and production of beer and wine

  15. Metabolic Pool Concept • Human diet consists of other macromolecules such as proteins and fats. What happens to them? • Which of the biomolecules gives the cell the most ATP when completely broken down? • How much ATP would be made from a 18 carbon fatty acid? 9 Acetyl CoA? • Catabolism  degradation • Anabolism  synthesis

  16. Compare and Contrast Photosynthesis to Cellular Respiration

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