Respiratory System

1. Respiratory System

2. Respiratory System…What’s the point? • Cells need Oxygen in order to release energy from Nutrient molecules and produce ATP. Main functions… 1. provides for Gas Exchange between what? O2and CO2 2. Excretion – eliminate CO2 that was produced during cell respiration • Cardiovascular system is the taxi • 3. Regulation • increase/decrease amount of warm, moist air leaving the body to… • inc/dec amount of CO2 leaving body to control pH of blood • 4. Miscellaneous • receptors for sense of smell • filter & warm inspired air • produces sound

3. Respiratory System consists of… • NOSE • PHARYNX (throat) • LARYNX (voice box) • TRACHEA (windpipe) • BRONCHI • LUNGS

4. Organs of Respiratory System pgs. 444 - 453 • Read • Take notes on • Fxn of organs (general) • Pathway of gases • Any specific info dealing w/an organ will be highlighted in class • Purple pages from Ch. 15 • pg. 450 The Effects of Smoking • pg. 452 Asthma: The Manageable Disease • pg. 456 The Return of Tuberculosis • pg. 462-63 Respiration and SCUBA diving

5. The NOSE 3 main functions 1. Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air 2. Detects olfactory stimuli 3. Modifies speech vibrations • Conchae & meatuses together increase surface area and trap exhaled water droplets to prevent dehydration • Membrane in the nasal cavities contains goblet cells which secrete… mucus • Blood in the capillaries warms the inhaled air • Receptors in the Olfactory epithelium line the superior conchae

6. When you sneeze, air rushes through your nose at a rate of 100 miles per hour. FYI: The material spread by sneezing can travel 2-3 meters The world record for sneezing is held by Donna Griffiths from Worstershire in the UK, who sneezed for 978 days in a row

7. The PHARYNX (throat) Functions… • Passageway for air & food • Resonating chamber for speech sounds • Houses tonsils 3 Regions… 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx http://www.gen.umn.edu/faculty_staff/jensen/1135/webanatomy/wa_skeleton/

8. TRACHEA (windpipe) • Splits into 2bronchi@ a ridge called the Carina Branching of the bronchial tree 2 Why 5? 20 Alveolar ducts  Respiratory bronchioles 

9. The LUNG HILUS - the area of each lung where Bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter • 3 lobes right • (shorter & wider) • 2 lobes left • (10% smaller)

11. Relationship between Lungs and Heart

12. Respiration - exchange of gases between the external environment / atmosphere & body cells • Pulmonary ventilation • inspiration • expiration • External Respiration • Internal Respiration O2 CO2

13. Mechanics of Breathing: pgs. 453-455 PULMONARY VENTILATION Aka…BREATHING • Process through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere & lung alveoli… due to differences in pressure • Breathing involves (2) events: • Inspiration / inhalation / breathing in • Expiration / exhalation / breathing out

14. N2 = 78.6% “Block” of air at sea level O2 = 20.9% CO2 (and all other gases) = 0.5%

15. Partial Pressure of Atmospheric Gases – Dalton’s Law • Pressure @ sea level: • 1 atmosphere • 760 mm Hg *** • 101.3 kPa • 760 Torr • Since our atmosphere is a mixture of gases, we can calculate the amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure based on their individual percentages… aka partial pressures. • Atmospheric Mixture of Gases: • N2 = 78.6% • O2 = 20.9% • CO2 (and all other gases) = 0.5% EX. Atmospheric air is made of N2, O2, H2O, CO2, and other gases Therefore…PN2 + PO2 + PH2O + PCO2 + Pother gases= atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg) Each gas moves/diffuses (independently) based on its own partial pressures: Highs chase lows

16. BOYLE’S LAW - pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume When the diaphragm contracts, it actually flattens… What will this do to the volume in the lungs? So pressure will… moves Therefore… Inspiration – Inhalation – breathing in AIR

17. Pressure (# of collisions) = Force / Unit Area P = K V • Variables that may affect pressure – relationship • Temp (direct) • Volume (indirect) • # of molecules (direct) • Must look at each variable alone to see its affect on pressure. Therefore other variables must be kept constant • pg. 454 fig 15-10 More pressure Less volume More collisions Less pressure More volume Less collisions • assume same temp and same molecule #

21. Sequence of Events for Inspiration: Active Process • Diaphragm relaxed (at rest) • then contraction of diaphragm (it lowers) & external intercostal muscles • Volume of thoracic cavity increases • Due to Boyle’s Law • Pressure of thoracic cavity drops • Air rushes from the external environment / atmosphere into the alveoli of the lungs • (all because of only a 1-3 mmHg pressure gradient that’s created) in order to reach equilibrium. HIGHS CHASE LOWS atmosphere alveoli

24. Important Terms for Muscle Movement • Origin • point of attachment to the more stationary bone • Insertion • point of attachment to the more movable bone • Nerve innervation • what nerve “talks” to the muscles to cause contraction or relaxation • Action • coordinated response of a group of muscles to bring body into movement • TREND: • When a muscle contracts, it shortens. This shortening causes the muscle’s insertion to move toward the origin… movement

25. DataChart: Muscles Involved w/Breathing Diaphragm • Origin • Insertion • Nerve Innervations • Action

26. The Respiratory Muscles

28. The Respiratory Muscles

29. HENRY’S LAW 0 States that…the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient In other words… The higher the partial pressure of a gas over a liquid and the higher the solubility coefficient, the more the gas will stay in the solution REAL WORLD example… Opening a soft drink causes a hissing sound and bubbles of CO2 to rise to the surface The drink was bottled/canned under high pressure, keeping the CO2 dissolved…once the cap is removed the pressure decreases and the gas begins to bubble out of solution

30. What is this??? 0 Hyperbaric chamber It provides O2 at an increased pressure so that more O2 will dissolve into the blood

31. Why does Oxygen and Carbon dioxide move in their respective directions… based on Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure keeping in mind cell respiration and photosynthesis? H -> L H -> L H -> L L <- H L <- H L <- H O2 CO2

32. External Respiration – exchange of gases between the alveoli of lungs and bloodstream 0 PO2of alveolar air is 105 mmHg PO2of deoxygenated blood in pulmonary capillaries is 40 mmHg Hint…think about how gases move WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? Oxygen will move out of the alveoli and into the blood ( PCO2of deoxygenated blood is 45 mm Hg and the PCO2 of alveolar air is 40 mm Hg) What happens here? CO2 will move out of the blood and into the alveoli *Partial pressure establishes a pressure gradient which leads to the mvmt of particles based on their own pp’s*

33. Internal Respiration – exchange of gases between the bloodstream and body cells (vessel air switched w/tissues) O2leaves blood and diffuses into the cell CO2 leaves cells and diffuses into the blood TRANSPORT OF O2 Oxyhemoglobin Hemoglobin + O2 = Iron containing pigment; when it combines with O2 it turns bright red Each hemoglobin molecule can combine with 4 O2 molecules The affinity of O2 to hemoglobin is how tight it holds the O2

34. What are the organs involved? • What 2 processes are shown & which one can we already assume took place during respiration? • Using Boyle’s & Dalton’s gas Laws, explain the direction of mvmt for CO2 & O2 Book pg. 459 4. What role does cell respiration play? INTERNAL RESPIRATION Tissue cells: Low PO2 High PCO2

35. Heart is a “double pump” • Right – Pulmonary circ. • Left – Systemic circ.

37. 1 2 CO2 O2 O2CO2 Which diagram represents the cells making up tissues & organs w/in body systems? Explain. Which diagram represents the cells w/in alveoli of the lungs? Explain.

38. Regulation of pH • pH • power (potential) of H+ ions • pH is controlled by buffer systems, respiratory system, urinary system • pH of body fluids, especially blood, is despite changes that occur w/diet, exercise, stress, etc… • Buffer systems • homeostatic mechanisms w/in the body that keep acid and base concentrations stable

39. Alterations in pH Can become life threatening if measures are not taken to remove excess hydrogen ions; can cause irreversible damage to enzymes, functional and structural proteins Less frequent, but dangerous

40. pH - power (potential) of H+ ions • Even minor changes in pH can be a big deal… denaturation of proteins • ex. A pH of 6.35 is 10X more acidic than 7.35 and 5.35 is 100X more acidic than 7.35… logrithmic scale

41. Acids • a molecule that releases one or more H+ when it ionizes in H2O • acids + water = dissociation – breaking apart of compounds • HCl + H2O  H+ + Cl- • H2SO4 + H2O  H+ + SO4 2- • HNO3 + H2O  H+ + NO3 -

42. Bases • a molecule that reduces the concentration of H+ in solution • bases + water = hydroxide • NaOH + H2O  Na+ + OH- • Al(OH)3 + H2O  Al3+ + OH- • Ca(OH)2 + H2O  Ca2+ + OH- • ex. Ca OH OH

43. 2 ways that O2 is transported w/in the blood • Oxyhemoglobin • O2 attached to the iron portion of the Hb on an RBC • 98% • “bus” • O2 dissolved in the plasma • 2% • “pedestrian” • How well do gases dissolve in warm H2O? O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2

44. Hemoglobin and 02 Transport • 280 million hemoglobin/ RBC. • Each hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains and 4 hemes. • Each heme has 1 atom iron that can combine with 1 molecule 02.

45. 3 ways that CO2 travels in the blood • CO2 dissolved in plasma • “pedestrian” • 10% • CO2 attached to Hb in the RBC’s • “bus” • Carboxyhemoglobin • 25% • Bicarbonate ions HCO3- • “disguised” • A pocket of magma lies beneath the lake and leaks carbon dioxide (CO2) into the water, changing it into carbonic acid. Nyos is one of only three known exploding lakes to be saturated with carbon dioxide in this way. • August 21, 1986, possibly triggered by a landslide, Lake Nyos suddenly emitted a large cloud of CO2, which suffocated 1,700 people and 3,500 livestock in nearby towns and villages

47. Regulation of pH of body fluids/blood Carbonic anhydrase Weak acid Dissociation CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  HCO3- + H+ Metabolic Waste: cell respiration Free H immediately affects pH Drink/eat Forward rxn occurs in capillaries close to tissue cells going through cell respiration Reverse rxn occurs in capillaries near alveoli of lungs

50. Ventilation Patterns • Eupnea - Normal, quiet breathing • Dyspnea - Difficult breathing • Apnea - absence of breathing • Tachypnea - Rapid breathing rate • Bradypnea - Slow breathing • Hyperpnea - Deep breathing • Hypopnea - Shallow breathing • Hyperventilation - Rapid, deep breathing • Cheyne-Stokes breathing - periods of apnea interspersed with hyperpnea