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What is happening here?

What is happening here?. Is it a road system?. Another set of land development?. Contents of the Lecture. Changes in forest landscape Causes of Degradation Levels of Degradation Types of Reforestation. Changes in Forest Landscape. Source: Jan Falck (2005). Virgin forest. Urban, agric,

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What is happening here?

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  1. What is happening here?

  2. Is it a road system?

  3. Another set of land development?

  4. Contents of the Lecture • Changes in forest landscape • Causes of Degradation • Levels of Degradation • Types of Reforestation

  5. Changes inForest Landscape Source: Jan Falck (2005)

  6. Virgin forest Urban, agric, fallow 1 4 2 3 Changes in land-use pattern over time

  7. Typical Land-use Pattern Source: Jan Falck (2005)

  8. Causes of Forest Degradation • Forest Dwelling • Shifting Cultivation • Harvesting • Land Conversion Source: Lim, M. T. 1992

  9. Extent of Degraded Forest(Malaysia)

  10. Steps in Reforestation • Restoration • Rehabilitation • Reclamation

  11. Restoration Definition? To bring back to a former/original condition Working area? Minimum damage Input? Very minimum

  12. Rehabilitation Definition? To put back into good condition Working area? Minimum damage Input? Minimum

  13. Restoration & Rehabilitation Techniques? - Can be carried out before and after harvest e.g., SMS vs. EP - Use mostly natural + artificial means Working area? Minimum damage with some natural recovery e.g.EP

  14. Reclamation Definition? To bring back what was formerly lost Working area? Maximum damage (heavily degraded  conversion forest) Input? Maximum e.g. Forest plantation, planting in timber landing sites

  15. Summary • Causes of Degradation • Levels of Degradation • Types of Reforestation Restoration Rehabilitation Reclamation

  16. Detailed Diagrams

  17. Forest Dwelling • Orang Asli / Penan etc • Depends solely on the forest • Small usage in nature • Minor disturbance  natural recovery back

  18. Shifting Cultivation • Traditional - small scale / small area - mainly for daily consumption - home-made tools (e.g. parang) • Modern - bigger scale / bigger area due to several factors: population, demand, modern tools - for economic income - sometimes used by outsiders back

  19. Harvesting • Extent depends on: - demand - techniques and tools - control vs. uncontrolled • Light (small)  medium  large disturbance back

  20. Land Conversion • Urbanization leads to forest conversion - population increase - demand for urban areas (housing, industries, recreation etc) - economic needs • Mostly converted into: urban areas & agriculture land back

  21. Enrichment planting Appanah & Weinland (1993): “The process of supplementing the natural regeneration where it is insufficient, with seedlings specially raised for the purpose” When? • Stocking of new regeneration is inadequate • Harvesting was carried out despite the lack of seedlings of economic species Examples: MUS & SMS

  22. Plantation • As part of Reclamation • Lack of natural forests (import vs. plant) • Demand for natural forests exceeds their sustainability • Demand for certain species is high, e.g. teak & rubber • Any other reasons??

  23. Heavily Degraded Intensive Erosion control Soil amelioration Canopy cover? OPEN Less Intensive Direct planting Medium Degradation

  24. Light Degradation Less Intensive Line Direct planting Cluster Gap SHADED Medium Degradation Back to Top

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