Cassava in Nigeria: Socio-economic Study Updates

1. Cassava in Nigeria: Socio-economic Study Updates Adewale Oparinde, Impact & Policy Cassava Crop Meeting Nigeria September 23 - 24, 2012

2. Overview • Study purpose • Baseline Varietal Adoption Study • Consumer Acceptance Study • Farmers’ cognitions about Transgenic Cassava • Implications for Cassava Breeding & Delivery/Marketing • Future Plans

3. Study purpose • H+ Road to delivery Informing efficient, effective and targeted crop development and delivery strategies • Study components • Baseline varietal adoption (VA) • Consumer acceptance (CA) • Farmers’ cognitions towards transgenic cassava (GM)

4. VA - Methodology • Q2 Approach • Structured farm household survey of representative sample of rural households Quantitative Survey Qualitative Study Cassava varietal identification? Towards market segmentation, etc to maximize adoption

5. VA – Sampling Design • Oyo & Benue completed • Two-stage cluster sampling design – representative of all cassava producing households in rural Oyo and Benue • Quantitative Baseline VA Survey [64 EAs, 512 households per state] • Qualitative Varietal Identification [Oyo - 16 FGDs with 144 farmers & 179 farms visited; 323 cassava stands] [Benue - 16 FGDs with 144 farmers & 242 cassava stands] • Attitude, Subjective Norm and Intention related to GM cassava [16 groups vs. 144 individuals in each of Oyo & Benue; Farmers’ leader-led vs. ADP officer-led]

6. VA – LGAs from which EAs were selected (Oyo) Quantitative Qualitative EAs per LGA Mean = 5 Min = 1 Max = 13

7. VA – Crop diversification by cassava producers • Total cultivated land area: 4.03ha • 4 crops cultivated (in addition to cassava) • Most popular crops grown:

8. VA – Land area allocated to cassava • Average cassava land area: 2.03ha • Each farmer cultivated 2 cassava varieties on average

9. Varietal Identification Stage 2: Field Technicians Stage 1: Group level Stage 3: Individual Farmer Stage 4: IITA

10. Most Popular cassava varieties • Varieties mentioned: • Qualitative: 102 • Quantitative: 137 • A majority planted landraces • TME 7 (22%), TME 2 (21%), TME 9 (5%) • 14% planted Ege dudu • mixture of landraces and improved • Texaco (TMS 30572) – 3% • Consistent with the result of qualitative study - farm visits • OkoIyawo Eletun funfun– 7% • Unknown

11. Local vs. Improved Varieties

12. Which varieties are top 10 in each zone? • Odongbo most popular in Saki – late maturing with non-rotting tubers! Why? – May be poor market demand TMS 30572! Ege dudu – may be local or improved ! Ege dudu – may be local or improved ! Late maturing variety !

13. Traits most important to farmers

14. Crops intercropped with cassava • 50% of farmers intercropped cassava with 2 other crops • 26% intercropped in Saki; about 60% in each of the other zones • Most farmers intercropped with Maize and/or Yam

15. Where do farmers obtain stems? • 88% obtain planting materials through social networks

16. When do farmers harvest & plant? • Harvesting follows seasonal pattern • Harvested cassava about three times in peak months (February and March) and about twice in every other calendar month (piecemeal harvest!) • Although planting tend to take place all year round, more farmers harvested in months immediately preceding rainy season (Feb & March)

17. Cassava consumption & Sale • Households harvested about 9 tonnes of cassava tubers between March 2011 and February 2012 on average • 24% and 28% sold gari and lafunrespectively • 42% and 12% bought gari and lafun respectively Festive Post Xmas

18. Awareness & Intake of Vitamin A Seasonality & quantities need to be taken into account! • About a quarter had heard about vitamin A • Cassava is consumed almost everyday! • Red palm oil is consumed almost everyday! • No correlation between food groups consumed and crop types cultivated

19. Popular source of information 86% reported radio as important source of info on agric tech • Radio, Social Network & Clinic • 41.2% reported getting information from radio daily • 40.6% reported getting information from radio weekly 92% reported CLINIC as important source of info on health & nutrition

20. Consumer Acceptance Study

21. Consumer Acceptance • Imo state (Ohaji Egbema LGA) -328 Participants from 30 EAs – 10 CLTs • Oyo state (Ibarapa-East LGA) -343 Participants from 21 EAs – 10 CLTs • Sensory Evaluation -Gari & Eba: Taste, Feel, Colour • Experimental Auction • Nutritional Information Treatment -No info, Info • Trust Information Treatment -Info (Federal), Info (int’l) Simulated Radio Message on MP3 Player

22. Consumer Acceptance – Preliminary Findings Effect of Info on WTP & Trust (IMO)

23. Consumer Acceptance - Gari types (IMO) Surprising in Imo!

24. CA- Preliminary Findings • Colour difference: colour of gari at home df_1371_1371 df_local_local* df_1368_1368 Effect of colour diff between gari @home & gari @CLT on WTP: Significant for Imo & Not for Oyo Colour of gari at CLT

25. Farmers’ cognitions about Transgenic Cassava

26. Attitude towards GM Cassava –Preliminary Findings No significant difference but things are different at group level Mean: Oyo (n = 144) & Benue (n = 146)

27. Summary & Implications • Varietal Adoption Study • Identification of varieties challenging despite thorough methodology • May need DNA testing for more reliable identification • Landraces are still most widely cultivated • Improved varieties are more common in Ibadan-Ibarapa, Oyo and Ogbomosho zones • ‘Non-rotting tubers’ trait is most important in Saki zone • A majority intercropped cassava with maize and/or yam • To drive adoption, market demand creation may be necessary especially in Saki zone • Social network is most important for exchange of planting materials • Creating stem market may be challenging since farmers exchange stems among themselves with zero price

28. Summary & Implications • Consumer Acceptance • With information on nutrition, 1371 has higher premium in Imo while 1368 has higher premium in Oyo • Suggest delivery in Imo through Federal authority and in Oyo through either Federal or Int’l authorities • Farmers’ cognition about transgenic crops • Very few farmers have heard about transgenic crops/cassava • Attitude towards transgenic cassava is generally positive, more positive in Oyo than in Benue

29. Future Studies • Choice experiment: GM content vs. other attributes – analysis ongoing • Varietal adoption in Benue – analysis ongoing • Varietal choice modeling • Market segmentation analysis • Impact evaluation post-delivery • Varietal adoption study in Akwa-Ibom next

30. Acknowledgements • Farmers • Enumeration teams • ADP Oyo, Benue and Imo • H+ Nigeria Team • H+ Nutrition Team • IITA Cassava Breeding Unit • IITA Socio-economic Unit • NRCRI • ObafemiAwolowo University • University of Ibadan • University of Agriculture Markurdi • JDPC • SAWEC • IFPRI – Markets, Trade and Institutions Division • Delhi School of Economics • Seed Solutions Infotech

31. Thought of the day • “I know that you believe you understand what you think I said, but I’m not sure you realize that what you heard is not what I meant” – Robert McCloskey • Value of information may be over or under estimated? YOUR FEEDBACK IS IMPORTANT  Thank you!