The Middle Colonies

1. The Middle Colonies Presented By: Kitti Angela Kimiko Noemi Meaghan Melody Grace

2. Setting the Stage… • Between 1640 and 1660, there was a power struggle between king and parliament in England. This postponed any further colonization. • King Charles I was overthrown by the parliament in 1649, and a commonwealth was established under the leadership of Puritan Oliver Cromwell • The monarchy was restored in 1660 under King Charles II, and the interest in starting new colonies was revived. • Supporters of the new king were rewarded with land grants and proprietorships. • These grants evolved into what is known as the middle colonies.

3. Resulting in Self-Government • The neglect of the colonies during the power struggle (1640 – 1660), allowed the colonies to develop traditions of self-government. • Colonial legislatures made their own laws, which were enforced by local courts. • Defiance or ignorance of the orders of England, and even the colonist’s own governors was commonplace. • The middle colonies gained a small degree of independence from England.

4. Pennsylvania • In 1681, Charles II granted a land charter to William Penn • One of the largest land grant to one single individual in history • Included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware • Pennsylvania (Penn Woods) is named after William Penn’s father William Penn

5. William Penn and the Government • William Penn established a government which was based on two innovations • County commission • Freedom of religious convicts • Penn’s government caused a stir in Europe because it was a dramatic example of offering equal rights to everyone despite different races and religions

6. The Constitution • William Penn created a constitution for Pennsylvania where he implemented a democratic system • Full freedom of religion • Fair trials • Election of people in power • Separation of power • This constitution later became the backbone of America’s constitution

7. Delaware (A.K.A First State) • Was first colonized by the Dutch, and then the Swedes before being captured by England in 1664. • Delaware was the “lower county” purchased by William Penn from the Duke of York. • Delaware was allowed to elect their own assembly despite not being part of the land grant to William Penn. • Origin of the name: • Named after Thomas West (Lord De La Warr) the first governor of the Virginia colony THE EARLY DAYS

8. Cool Facts • Delaware is nicknamed “the first state” because it was the first state to sign the Declaration of Independence and became the first state in 1787 • Delaware was purchaced by William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania from England in 1682 to be part of Pennsylvania. However, during the revolutionary war(1775-1783) Delaware fought as a separate state.

9. New York A Beginning: • The duke of York was granted the land west and south of new England, from the Connecticut river to the Delaware river by his brother, even though the territory had been settled by the Dutch • The English had viewed the Dutch colony as a threat because of its trade its expanding settlements and its location between New England to the north and Virginia to the south. • In 1664 the Duke of York sent a fleet of four English warships to capture the settlement of New Amsterdam. Above: Colonial currency

10. New York con't • The Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant of New Amsterdam, tried to defend the colony. • But because of lack of support of his own colonists he was forced to surrender New Amsterdam • The Duke of York did not hesitate to change the colonies name to New York • Governors appointed by the Duke of York ruled New York until 1863 when the Duke agreed to demands for an elected representative assembly. • Two years later the Duke of York became King James the second, and that made New York a royal colony • He returned full power to the governor Below: A map of New York

11. New York: Settlement and Growth • Several factors delayed New York's rapid growth • Few settlers came because large landowners called patrons still held much of the land along the Hudson Rive • The French in Canada prevented to any expansion in the north • The Iroquois confederacy blocked expansion westward • New York City's harbour made it a natural trade center • For many years the small population of the colony did not supply enough goods for export • New York's population included Dutch, Swedes, Native Americans, Africans, Jews, some English and French settlers, and many more nationalities • Dutch customs remained strong and Dutch Calvinist churches endured • In 1688, there was a revolution in the colony, enabeling Jacob Leisler to establish a government with an elected assembly. • However, in 1690 a new Governor arrived who captured Leisler and put him on trial. • Ironically, the governor continued to allow the colony to elect its own assembly. Colonial New Yorkhttp://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~luke/Colonial_New_York/IMAG001.GIF

12. New York: Settlement and Growth con't • New York's population included Dutch, Swedes, Native Americans, Africans, Jews, some English and French settlers, and many more nationalities • Dutch customs remained strong and Dutch Calvinist churches endured • In 1688, there was a revolution in the colony, enabeling Jacob Leisler to establish a government with an elected assembly. • However, in 1690 a new Governor arrived who captured Leisler and put him on trial. • Ironically, the governor continued to allow the colony to elect its own assembly.

13. The Basics • Founded: 1626 by Peters Minuit and others, on Manhattan Island • Major: Manufacturing (shipbuilding, iron works), Agriculture (Cattle, grain, rice, indigo, wheat) • Major Cities: New York City, Albany • Colony Named For: Duke of York • Became a State: July 26, 1788 • By 1667, ,NY was the biggest trading post in the colonies • NYC became the capital of the colonies • It ended as the capital in 1970 • New York originally started out as a Proprietary colony • In 1788 NY became the eleventh state to ratify the constitution

14. New Jersey How It Began • New Jersey was first colonized by Swedish and Dutch settlers in 1609 • It was taken over by the British in 1664, and the area between New England and Maryland was granted to the Duke of York From the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C.

15. The Early Days • The Area now known as New Jersey was originally divided into two when the Duke of York gave out parts of the land grant to Lord Berkeley and Sir Carteret, as a token of thanks for their loyalty during the English Civil War • Berkeley had West Jersey; Carteret had East Jersey • Settlers were offered religious freedom and large land grants. However, as time progressed, it became difficult for the two men to collect the settlers’ annual fees. Because of this, Berkeley sold West Jersey to the Quakers in 1674. Carteret’s heirs did the same in 1682. © 2003 Matthew Trump

16. The Merging of New Jersey • Queen Anne of England reunited the two parts into a royal colony in 1702 and put it under the rule of New York’s governor • This created dispute between the settlers because of favouritism shown to New York. In response, King George II appointed a separate governor, Judge Lewis Morris. Colonial New Jersey’s 18 Pence note

17. Important Concepts • The Mason-Dixon line: Due to a boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and Maryland, Two surveyors were hired (Mason and Dixon) to draw borders between the two colonies. The results became known as the Mason-Dixon line.